Fig. 5.
Estimation of the warming rates using a heat-transfer simulation. (A) Time courses of the average temperatures of the entire droplets. The dashed red line shows cooling for the CWRcell. The 40-pL droplet on thin substrate was warmed over the crystalline point at once; on the other hand, the warming rates for the droplets on thick substrates decreased around Th due to cooling by the substrate. (B) Contour plots of the average warming rate of the droplets in the thermodynamically unstable region. The warming rate anywhere on the 40-pL droplet on thin substrates was more than the CWRcell. In the case of thick substrates, less than half of the area of the 40-pL droplet and only part of the 200-pL droplet exhibit a cooling rate over the CWRcell.