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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Gambl Stud. 2019 Mar;35(1):79–92. doi: 10.1007/s10899-018-9806-7

Table 1.

Sociodemographic Characteristics of Minnesota Student Survey Participants by Gender Identity (N = 80,929)

TGD
(n = 2,168)
Cisgender
(n = 78,761)
n % n % Chi square, p-value, d
Birth assigned sex 298.7, <.001, d = 0.12
Male 684 31.9 40,014 50.9
Female 1,457 68.1 38,639 49.1
Grade 10.8, .001, d = 0.02
9th 1,271 58.6 43,368 55.1
11th 897 41.4 35,393 44.9
Race/ethnicity 207.9, <.001, d = 0.10
American Indian/Alaskan 44 2.1 805 1.0
Native, NH
Asian, NH 181 8.5 4,677 6.0
Black, African or African 140 6.5 4,545 5.8
American, NH
Native Hawaiian or other 11 0.5 117 0.1
Pacific Islander, NH
White, NH 1,257 58.7 55,962 71.5
Multiple, NH 252 11.8 5,319 6.8
Hispanic or Latino/a 255 11.9 6,816 8.7
Free/reduced price lunch 153.0, <.001, d = 0.09
Yes 834 38.8 20,936 26.8
No 1,315 61.2 57,226 73.2
School Location 2.1, .148, d = 0.01
Twin Cities Metro 1,188 54.8 41,921 53.2
Non-metro 980 45.2 36,840 46.8

Notes. TGD = transgender and gender diverse. NH = non-Hispanic; d = Cohen’s d.