Table 3.

Prevalence of Gambling Behaviors and Problem Gambling by Gender Identity and Birth-Assigned Sex¹

	TGD Assigned Male (n = 684)		Cisgender Assigned Male (n = 40,014)		TGD Assigned Female (n = 1,457)		Cisgender Assigned Female (n = 38,639)		TGD AM vs Cis AM	TGD AM vs TGD AF	TGD AM vs Cis AF	Cis AM vs TGD AF	Cis AM vs. Cis AF	Cis AF vs. TGD AF
Past year gambling behaviors	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	p-value, d	p-value, d	p-value, d	p-value, d	p-value, d	p-value, d
Played cards, bet on sports/games	202	36.0	14,293	39.2	254	18.7	5,718	15.6	.128, d = 0.02	<.001, d = 0.38	< .001, d = 0.14	< .001, d = 0.16	<.001, d = 0.55	.002, d = 0.03
Bought lottery tickets /scratch offs	100	17.9	4,155	11.4	122	9.0	2,834	7.8	<.001, d = 0.26	<.001, d = 0.26	< .001, d = 0.09	.006, d = 0.03	<.001, d = 0.12	.096, d = 0.02
Gambled in a casino	54	9.7	1,125	3.1	29	2.1	354	1.0	<.001, d = 0.09	<.001, d = 0.34	< .001, d = 0.20	.046, d = 0.02	<.001, d = 0.15	<.001, d = 0.04
Gambled for money online	74	13.3	1,986	5.5	33	2.4	229	0.6	<.001, d = 0.08	<.001, d = 0.44	< .001, d = 0.35	< .001, d = 0.05	<.001, d = 0.28	<.001, d = 0.08
Any gambling Behavior	242	43.5	15,667	43.1	324	24.0	7,390	20.2	.864, d = 0.01	<.001, d = 0.40	< .001, d = 0.14	< .001, d = 0.14	< .001, d = 0.51	.864, d = 0.01
Problem gambling2	(n = 242)		(n = 15,667)		(n = 324)		(n = 7,390)
BAGS score of 4+ for prevalence estimate	21	8.9	318	2.1	10	3.3	66	1.0	<.001, d = 0.11	.005, d = 0.24	< .001, d = 0.26	.177, d = 0.02	<.001, d = 0.08	<.001, d = 0.09
BAGS score of 2+ for further assessment	37	15.7	731	4.9	23	7.6	150	2.2	<.001, d = 0.12	.003, d = 0.26	< .001, d = 0.31	.037, d = 0.03	<.001, d = 0.13	<.001, d = 0.14

Notes. TGD = transgender and gender diverse. AM = assigned male. AF = assigned female. Cis = cisgender. BAGS = brief adolescent gambling screen. d = Cohen’s d.

¹Sample sizes differ because of missing data across variables of interest.

²Problem gambling screener only asked of students who reported any gambling in past year.