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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Apr 21.
Published in final edited form as: Ann Intern Med. 2018 Jun 26;169(3):146–155. doi: 10.7326/M17-2252

Appendix Table 6.

Associations of other covariates and depression and suicidal ideation in GEE and Cox models

 Variable Depression Suicidal Ideation
GEE AOR*
(95% CI)
P-value Cox AHR
(95% CI)
P-value GEE AOR
(95% CI)
P-value Cox* AHR
(95% CI)
P-value



Demographics
 Age
  ≤ 30 REF -- REF -- REF -- REF --
  31–40 1.09 (0.75–1.57) 0.66 1.07 (0.75–1.53) 0.70 1.67 (0.94–2.96) 0.080 1.56 (0.86, 2.83) 0.141
  41–50 1.47 (0.93–2.33) 0.096 1.73 (1.09–2.75) 0.021 1.42 (0.67–3.02) 0.362 1.46 (0.62, 3.40) 0.38
  > 50 1.57 (0.78–3.19) 0.21 1.00 (0.39–2.58) > 0.99 1.51 (0.46–4.97) 0.50 0.61 (0.08, 4.75) 0.64
 Female 1.97 (1.26–3.08) 0.003 2.36 (1.48–3.74) < 0.001 1.82 (0.90–3.70) 0.097 2.17 (0.99, 4.73) 0.052
 Married 1.15 (0.84–1.58) 0.38 1.17 (0.84–1.63) 0.34 0.96 (0.59–1.56) 0.86 1.04 (0.61, 1.78) 0.88
 Education
  None REF -- REF -- REF -- REF --
  Some primary 1.01 (0.66–1.54) 0.98 1.13 (0.72–1.77) 0.61 0.97 (0.49–1.92) 0.94 0.90 (0.42, 1.95) 0.79
  Completed primary 0.69 (0.41–1.18) 0.176 0.74 (0.42–1.31) 0.31 0.73 (0.32–1.67) 0.46 0.79 (0.31, 1.99) 0.62
  Secondary or higher 0.69 (0.41–1.16) 0.157 0.83 (0.49–1.41) 0.49 0.63 (0.27–1.47) 0.28 0.69 (0.28, 1.74) 0.43
 Asset index
  1st quintile (most poor) REF -- REF -- REF -- REF --
  2nd quintile 1.09 (0.73–1.63) 0.67 0.95 (0.60–1.49) 0.81 0.86 (0.45–1.65) 0.64 0.97 (0.45, 2.06) 0.93
  3rd quintile 1.18 (0.76–1.81) 0.46 0.91 (0.57–1.46) 0.70 0.92 (0.45–1.90) 0.83 0.89 (0.38, 2.07) 0.78
  4th quintile 0.94 (0.59–1.50) 0.79 0.90 (0.55–1.47) 0.67 1.02 (0.50–2.08) 0.95 1.32 (0.60, 2.89) 0.49
  5th quintile (least poor) 0.75 (0.43–1.30) 0.30 0.69 (0.40–1.20) 0.192 0.51 (0.19–1.33) 0.169 0.65 (0.24, 1.76) 0.40
 Year of enrollment
  2005–07 REF -- REF -- REF -- REF --
  2008–10 0.88 (0.58–1.33) 0.53 0.91 (0.61–1.35) 0.64 1.51 (0.86–2.65) 0.153 1.53 (0.84, 2.79) 0.161
  2011–13 1.02 (0.61–1.73) 0.94 0.82 (0.48–1.40) 0.47 1.13 (0.48–2.68) 0.78 0.91 (0.36, 2.29) 0.84
Clinical characteristics
 Suicidal ideation at enrollment 2.14 (1.31–3.48) 0.002 1.50 (0.95–2.37) 0.085 6.22 (3.49–11.11) < 0.001 4.17 (2.16, 8.04) < 0.001
 Depressed at enrollment 4.04 (2.88–5.66) < 0.001 3.81 (2.71–5.37) < 0.001 1.77 (1.05–2.99) 0.033 1.84 (1.02, 3.33) 0.042
 CD4+ count (100 cells/μL) 1.05 (0.97–1.14) 0.25 1.10 (0.98–1.24) 0.098 1.02 (0.88–1.19) 0.78 1.16 (0.95, 1.41) 0.149
 Viral load suppressed 0.90 (0.67–1.20) 0.48 0.95 (0.77–1.16) 0.60 1.02 (0.60–1.74) 0.94 1.00 (0.69, 1.43) 0.99
 ART duration (in weeks) 0.99 (0.98–0.99) < 0.001 -- -- 0.98 (0.97–0.99) 0.001 -- --
 Tuberculosis co-infection 1.45 (0.73–2.89) 0.29 1.44 (0.74–2.77) 0.28 0.44 (0.10–1.99) 0.28 0.72 (0.17, 3.03) 0.66
 Physical health summary score
  1st quartile (least healthy) REF -- REF -- REF -- REF --
  2nd quartile 0.26 (0.18–0.37) < 0.001 0.81 (0.48–1.39) 0.45 0.32 (0.16–0.62) 0.001 1.59 (0.77, 3.29) 0.21
  3rd quartile 0.25 (0.17–0.37) < 0.001 0.48 (0.22–1.06) 0.071 0.45 (0.23–0.88) 0.019 0.57 (0.17, 1.90) 0.36
  4th quartile (most healthy) 0.35 (0.24–0.52) < 0.001 1.88 (1.02–3.49) 0.044 0.35 (0.16–0.73) 0.005 1.42 (0.47, 4.32) 0.53
 Heavy drinking 0.52 (0.22–1.19) 0.122 1.12 (0.75–1.68) 0.54 1.89 (0.70–5.07) 0.21 1.38 (0.70, 2.71) 0.35
Exposure to EFV vs. NVP 0.62 (0.40–0.96) 0.032 0.56 (0.35–0.89) 0.013 0.61 (0.30–1.25) 0.179 0.47 (0.21–1.07) 0.072

GEE = generalized estimating equation; AOR = adjusted odds ratio; AHR = adjusted hazard ratio; CI = confidence interval; EFV = efavirenz; CD4+ = CD4+ T-cell lymphocyte; ART = antiretroviral therapy

*

Adjusted for every other covariate displayed in table

Viral load suppression covariate was replaced by the log10 baseline viral load in the Cox regression model