Appendix Table 6.
Associations of other covariates and depression and suicidal ideation in GEE and Cox models
| Variable | Depression | Suicidal Ideation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
GEE AOR* (95% CI) |
P-value |
Cox AHR† (95% CI) |
P-value |
GEE AOR
(95% CI) |
P-value |
Cox*
AHR
(95% CI) |
P-value | |
| Demographics | ||||||||
| Age | ||||||||
| ≤ 30 | REF | -- | REF | -- | REF | -- | REF | -- |
| 31–40 | 1.09 (0.75–1.57) | 0.66 | 1.07 (0.75–1.53) | 0.70 | 1.67 (0.94–2.96) | 0.080 | 1.56 (0.86, 2.83) | 0.141 |
| 41–50 | 1.47 (0.93–2.33) | 0.096 | 1.73 (1.09–2.75) | 0.021 | 1.42 (0.67–3.02) | 0.362 | 1.46 (0.62, 3.40) | 0.38 |
| > 50 | 1.57 (0.78–3.19) | 0.21 | 1.00 (0.39–2.58) | > 0.99 | 1.51 (0.46–4.97) | 0.50 | 0.61 (0.08, 4.75) | 0.64 |
| Female | 1.97 (1.26–3.08) | 0.003 | 2.36 (1.48–3.74) | < 0.001 | 1.82 (0.90–3.70) | 0.097 | 2.17 (0.99, 4.73) | 0.052 |
| Married | 1.15 (0.84–1.58) | 0.38 | 1.17 (0.84–1.63) | 0.34 | 0.96 (0.59–1.56) | 0.86 | 1.04 (0.61, 1.78) | 0.88 |
| Education | ||||||||
| None | REF | -- | REF | -- | REF | -- | REF | -- |
| Some primary | 1.01 (0.66–1.54) | 0.98 | 1.13 (0.72–1.77) | 0.61 | 0.97 (0.49–1.92) | 0.94 | 0.90 (0.42, 1.95) | 0.79 |
| Completed primary | 0.69 (0.41–1.18) | 0.176 | 0.74 (0.42–1.31) | 0.31 | 0.73 (0.32–1.67) | 0.46 | 0.79 (0.31, 1.99) | 0.62 |
| Secondary or higher | 0.69 (0.41–1.16) | 0.157 | 0.83 (0.49–1.41) | 0.49 | 0.63 (0.27–1.47) | 0.28 | 0.69 (0.28, 1.74) | 0.43 |
| Asset index | ||||||||
| 1st quintile (most poor) | REF | -- | REF | -- | REF | -- | REF | -- |
| 2nd quintile | 1.09 (0.73–1.63) | 0.67 | 0.95 (0.60–1.49) | 0.81 | 0.86 (0.45–1.65) | 0.64 | 0.97 (0.45, 2.06) | 0.93 |
| 3rd quintile | 1.18 (0.76–1.81) | 0.46 | 0.91 (0.57–1.46) | 0.70 | 0.92 (0.45–1.90) | 0.83 | 0.89 (0.38, 2.07) | 0.78 |
| 4th quintile | 0.94 (0.59–1.50) | 0.79 | 0.90 (0.55–1.47) | 0.67 | 1.02 (0.50–2.08) | 0.95 | 1.32 (0.60, 2.89) | 0.49 |
| 5th quintile (least poor) | 0.75 (0.43–1.30) | 0.30 | 0.69 (0.40–1.20) | 0.192 | 0.51 (0.19–1.33) | 0.169 | 0.65 (0.24, 1.76) | 0.40 |
| Year of enrollment | ||||||||
| 2005–07 | REF | -- | REF | -- | REF | -- | REF | -- |
| 2008–10 | 0.88 (0.58–1.33) | 0.53 | 0.91 (0.61–1.35) | 0.64 | 1.51 (0.86–2.65) | 0.153 | 1.53 (0.84, 2.79) | 0.161 |
| 2011–13 | 1.02 (0.61–1.73) | 0.94 | 0.82 (0.48–1.40) | 0.47 | 1.13 (0.48–2.68) | 0.78 | 0.91 (0.36, 2.29) | 0.84 |
| Clinical characteristics | ||||||||
| Suicidal ideation at enrollment | 2.14 (1.31–3.48) | 0.002 | 1.50 (0.95–2.37) | 0.085 | 6.22 (3.49–11.11) | < 0.001 | 4.17 (2.16, 8.04) | < 0.001 |
| Depressed at enrollment | 4.04 (2.88–5.66) | < 0.001 | 3.81 (2.71–5.37) | < 0.001 | 1.77 (1.05–2.99) | 0.033 | 1.84 (1.02, 3.33) | 0.042 |
| CD4+ count (100 cells/μL) | 1.05 (0.97–1.14) | 0.25 | 1.10 (0.98–1.24) | 0.098 | 1.02 (0.88–1.19) | 0.78 | 1.16 (0.95, 1.41) | 0.149 |
| Viral load suppressed | 0.90 (0.67–1.20) | 0.48 | 0.95 (0.77–1.16) | 0.60 | 1.02 (0.60–1.74) | 0.94 | 1.00 (0.69, 1.43) | 0.99 |
| ART duration (in weeks) | 0.99 (0.98–0.99) | < 0.001 | -- | -- | 0.98 (0.97–0.99) | 0.001 | -- | -- |
| Tuberculosis co-infection | 1.45 (0.73–2.89) | 0.29 | 1.44 (0.74–2.77) | 0.28 | 0.44 (0.10–1.99) | 0.28 | 0.72 (0.17, 3.03) | 0.66 |
| Physical health summary score | ||||||||
| 1st quartile (least healthy) | REF | -- | REF | -- | REF | -- | REF | -- |
| 2nd quartile | 0.26 (0.18–0.37) | < 0.001 | 0.81 (0.48–1.39) | 0.45 | 0.32 (0.16–0.62) | 0.001 | 1.59 (0.77, 3.29) | 0.21 |
| 3rd quartile | 0.25 (0.17–0.37) | < 0.001 | 0.48 (0.22–1.06) | 0.071 | 0.45 (0.23–0.88) | 0.019 | 0.57 (0.17, 1.90) | 0.36 |
| 4th quartile (most healthy) | 0.35 (0.24–0.52) | < 0.001 | 1.88 (1.02–3.49) | 0.044 | 0.35 (0.16–0.73) | 0.005 | 1.42 (0.47, 4.32) | 0.53 |
| Heavy drinking | 0.52 (0.22–1.19) | 0.122 | 1.12 (0.75–1.68) | 0.54 | 1.89 (0.70–5.07) | 0.21 | 1.38 (0.70, 2.71) | 0.35 |
| Exposure to EFV vs. NVP | 0.62 (0.40–0.96) | 0.032 | 0.56 (0.35–0.89) | 0.013 | 0.61 (0.30–1.25) | 0.179 | 0.47 (0.21–1.07) | 0.072 |
GEE = generalized estimating equation; AOR = adjusted odds ratio; AHR = adjusted hazard ratio; CI = confidence interval; EFV = efavirenz; CD4+ = CD4+ T-cell lymphocyte; ART = antiretroviral therapy
*
Adjusted for every other covariate displayed in table
†
Viral load suppression covariate was replaced by the log10 baseline viral load in the Cox regression model