FIG 1.

Effect of H₂O₂ and LaCl₃ on TuMV transmission by aphids. Turnip protoplasts were incubated for 5 min with 2 mM H₂O₂ (A) or 1 mM LaCl₃ (B) and then employed in transmission assays. (C and D) Cell viability of protoplasts was measured to determine if the altered transmission rates were due to modified viability. Cell extracts from protoplasts were treated with H₂O₂ (E) or LaCl₃ (F) and used in transmission assays. Leaves on intact plants were sprayed with 20 mM H₂O₂ (G) or 10 mM LaCl₃ (H) and then employed in transmission assays. Means from the infected test plants (horizontal black bars in the box plots) were calculated from a pool of three independent experiments in which a total of 360 test plants were used per condition. Each experiment had 6 repetitions for each condition and 20 test plants per repetition (see Data Set S1 in the supplemental material for raw data). P values were obtained by generalized linear models (see Materials and Methods). The box plots here and in the other figures present medians with upper and lower quartiles, the ends of the whiskers present lowest and highest datum still within 1.5 interquartile range (IQR) of the lower and higher quartile, respectively, and the circles show outliers.