Table 2.
An Overview of Studies Indexing Auditory Evoked Potentials in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury.
| Authors | Study sample | Methods | AEP parameters | Major findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arciniegas et al. (2000) | Twenty adult participants with TBI (mild TBI = 5, moderate TBI = 6, severe TBI = 9) and 20 control participants. | Pulse-evoked AMLR. | Auditory pulse stimuli of 0.04 ms were presented in pairs, with an intrapair interval of 0.5 s, and an interstimulus interval of 10 s at 35–40 dB above hearing threshold. Three sets of average responses were collected. | Significant differences in P50 amplitude and P50 ratio between mTBI and control groups were observed. |
| Drake et al. (1996) | Twenty participants with mTBI and 20 control participants. | Alternating polarity clicks presented monaurally at 70 dB SL at a rate 4/s with 40 dB contralateral masking. | Prolonged latency of Pa and reduced amplitude of Pa and Na waveforms of AMLR were observed in participants with mTBI. | |
| Gallun et al. (2012) | Nineteen blast-exposed participants with mTBI and 29 without mTBI | Click-evoked ABR. | Rarefaction clicks presented at 70 dB nHL, with a rate of 17/s. | No significant differences were observed in the latencies and amplitude of waveforms I, III, and V between the groups. |
| Gosselin et al. (2006) | Twenty symptomatic and asymptomatic collegiate athletes and 20 control participants. | AERPs evoked using auditory oddball task. | Dichotic sequence of standard (70 ms; 1000 Hz-tone) and deviant (70 ms; 1100 Hz-tone) stimuli were presented at 80 dB SPL. The interstimulus interval was 2 s. A total of 400 stimuli were presented. | Smaller P2 amplitudes were observed in symptomatic participants; Prolonged P3 latencies and reduced amplitude of N1, P2, and P3 waveforms were observed in the concussed groups. |
| Kraus et al. (2016) | Twenty children with concussion and 20 control participants. | FFR of complex ABR. | FFRs elicited from the right ear by a 40 ms /da/ sound, presented with alternating polarities at 80.4dB SPL, with a rate of 10.9/s. | Reduced and slower responses to fundamental frequency (F0) and poor pitch coding were observed in children with concussion. |
| Munjal, Panda, and Pathak (2010) | Two hundred and ninety participants with TBI (mild TBI = 100, moderate TBI = 150, severe TBI = 40) and 50 control participants. | Click-evoked ABR and AMLR. | ABRs were recorded from each ear at 70 and 90 dB nHL using click stimuli presented at a rate of 19.3/s. AMLRs were measured for each ear using click stimuli at a rate of 5.1/s. The AMLR recordings were obtained at 70 dB nHL. | Wave V latency and I-V interpeak latency of ABR increased with severity of TBI. The amplitude of AMLR's Na and Pa component decreased with increasing severity of mTBI. |
| Noseworthy et al. (1981) | Eleven adults with a history of concussion and 12 control participants. | Click-evoked ABR. | Alternating condensation and rarefaction clicks of 80 dB SL were presented at a stimulus rate of 10/s. | Concussed participants showed a delayed wave III latency compared with control participants. |
| Podoshin et al. (1990) | Fifteen participants with minor head trauma and 35 control participants. | Click-evoked ABR. | Click stimuli presented at 70 dB nHL at two rates; 10 and 55/s for each ear. | Reduced interpeak latency difference at high stimulation rates was observed in participants with minor head trauma. |
| Pratap-Chand et al. (1988) | Twenty participants with mTBI and 20 matched controls. | AERPs evoked using auditory oddball task. | Tone bursts of 2 kHz presented randomly in a sequence of frequent (nontarget) 750 Hz tone bursts at 90 dB. | Decrease P3b amplitude with increased latency observed in people with mTBI. |
| Segalowitz et al. (2001) | Ten collegiate students with MHI and 12 control participants. | AERPs evoked using auditory oddball task. | Four auditory oddball tasks were presented with varying levels of difficulty. | Reduced amplitudes of P3a and P3b were observed in participants with MHI. |
| Solbakk et al. (1999) | Fifteen participants with mTBI and 13 control participants. | AERPs evoked auditory oddball task. | Two tone pips of 1000 Hz: standard (25 ms) and deviant (75 ms) were presented at 80 dB SPL in a random order at a fixed 1 s interstimulus interval and event-related potentials were recorded. | Reduced N2 and P3 amplitudes were observed in participants with mTBI. |
| Soustiel et al. (1995) | Forty participants with mTBI and 23 control participants. | Click-evoked AMLR. | Alternating polarity clicks presented at 75 dB nHL at a rate 4/s. | Prolonged Na and Pa waveforms of AMLRs were observed in 15 participants with mTBI. |
| Thériault et al. (2009) | High school athletes: three groups: Recent concussion (n = 10); late concussion (n = 10); control participants (n = 10). | AERPs evoked using auditory oddball task. | Event-related potentials were recorded using a three-tone auditory oddball paradigm. The frequent tone (1700 Hz, 80 dB) was presented in 80% of the trials. The rare target (2000 Hz, 80 dB) and the rare deviant (4000 Hz, 90 dB) tones were each presented in 10% of trials. | Smaller P3a and P3b amplitudes were observed in recently concussed athletes compared with control participants. The late concussion group also showed smaller P3a and P3b amplitude compared with controls. Larger P3b amplitude in the late concussed group was observed compared with the recent concussed group. |
AEP = auditory evoked potential; AMLR = auditory middle latency response; TBI = traumatic brain injury; mTBI = mild traumatic brain injury; ABR = auditory brainstem response; AERPs = auditory event-related potentials; FFR = frequency following response; MHI = mild head injury.