Table 2.
Summary of included studies.
| Study | Study type | Single/ multicentre | Setting | Timepoint | Patient group | All patients (n) | Incidence (n) | Incidence (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Smith et al.11 | Prospective | Single centre | University hospital, US | 1987–1993 | SICU | 5237 | 55/5237 | 1.1 |
| Wallace et al.22 | Retrospective | Single centre | University hospital, US | 1993–2000 | MICU in a Cancer centre | 5196 | 406/5196 | 7.8 |
| Enohumah et al.25 | Retrospective | Single centre | Tertiary hospital, Germany | 1999–2003 | Mixed | 16,898 | 169/16,898 | 1.0 |
| Yi et al.10 | Retrospective | Single centre | Tertiary university hospital, South Korea | 1992–2002 | NICU | 4817 | 214/4817 | 4.4 |
| Galhotra et al.23 | Retrospective | Single centre | Tertiary centre, US | 2005 | Mixed | NR | 30 (4.02/1000 admissions) | 4.0 |
| Maia et al.12 | Prospective | Single centre | Portugal | 2004–2005 | SICU | 187 | 1/187 | 0.5 |
| Roessler et al.13 | Prospective | Multicentre | Eight ICUs, Austria | 2007–2008 | Mixed | 2405a | 48/2405b | 2.0c |
| Gershengorn et al.26 | Retrospective | Multicentre | 6518 ICUs*, US | 2001–2008 | Mixed* | 362,074 | 6518/362,074 | 1.8 |
| Schmittinger et al.14 | Prospective | Single centre | Tertiary university hospital, Austria | 2009 | Mixed* | 112 | 4/112 | 3.5 |
| Lee et al.24 | Retrospective | Single centre | Tertiary hospital, South Korea | 2009–2010 | Mixed | 9975 | 131/9975** | 1.3 |
| Efendijev et al.15 | Prospective | Multicentre | 21 ICUs, Finland | 2003–2013 | Mixed* | 164,225 | 4717/164,225 | 2.9 |
| Rozen et al.16 | Prospective | Single centre | Tertiary centre, Australia | 2010–2012 | Mixed* | 5732 | 36/5732 | 0.6 |
| Haerkens et al.17*** | Prospective | Single centre | Tertiary centre, Holland | 2009–2012 | Mixed* | 7271 (2295; 2423; 2553) | 50/7271 (21/2295; 20/2423; 9/2553) | 0.7 (0.9; 0.8; 0.4) |
| Flato et al.18 | Prospective | Single centre | Tertiary centre, Brazil | 2013–2014 | NR | 2024 | 135/2024 | 6.7 |
| Garcia Huertas et al.19 | Prospective | Single centre | Spain | 2015 | Mixed | 330 | 16/330 | 4.8 |
| Chanthawong et al.20 | Prospective | Multicentre | Nine tertiary hospitals, Thailand | 2011–2013 | SICU | 4652 | 111/4652 | 2.4**** |
| Perman et al.27 | Retrospective | Multicentre | 445 hospitals, US | 2003–2010 | Mixed* | NR | 50,514***** | |
| Miana et al.21 | Prospective | Multicentre | Three hospitals, Brazil | 2011–2014 | Mixed* | NR | 75/1000 admissions | 7.5 |
| Cook and Thomas5 | Retrospective | Single centre | Tertiary centre, UK | 2015–2017 | Mixed | NR | 25/1000 admissions | 2.5 |
| Quinn et al.28 | Retrospective | Multicentre | Various settings, US | 2010–2014 | Mixed* | 3399 | 183/3399 | 5.4 |
*
Included CICU. **8.5/1000 admissions/year. ***Numbers shown are total and then for each of three years of the study period. ****Study reported rate of 226/4652 (4.9%) but including 115 patients with do-not attempt resuscitation (DNAR) decision *****Mean event rate 0.337 (±0.215) per 1000 patient-bed days.
a
(1805 SICU; 600 MICU). b(26/1805 SICU; 22/600 MICU). c(1.4 SICU; 3.7 MICU). SICU surgical ICU; MICU medical ICU; NICU neurosurgical ICU; NR not reported.