Table 1.

A summary of the effects on stem cell behaviors upon modulating key factors in mitochondrial dynamics.

Dynamics	Key factors	Modulation	Effect on stem cell or iPSC behavior	References
Mito-fission	Drp1, Fis1	Downregulation of Drp1	Promote stem cell differentiation	[10, 16, 17]
			Lose stemness	[17, 18]
			Decrease reprogramming efficiency to iPSCs	[11, 19]
		Downregulation of Drp1/Fis1	Block apoptosis	[38–41]
		Upregulation of Drp1	Improve reprogramming efficiency to iPSCs	[20]
			Lose stemness	[21, 22]
Mito-fission	OPA1, Mfn 1/2	Downregulation of OPA1/Mfn1/2	Impair stem cell differentiation	[12, 42, 45]
			Promote neuron stem cell differentiation	[30]
			Impair iPSC differentiation	[44]
			Impair self-renewal	[30, 47]
			Improve reprogramming efficiency	[9]
		Upregulation of Mfn 2	Promote stem cell differentiation	[43]
			Induce iPSC differentiation	[44]
			Protect cell from apoptosis	[48, 49]
Mitophagy	Pink1, Parkin, Atg12, Atg3, Bnip3	Downregulation of Atg12/Atg3/Fis1/Pink1/Parkin	Impair self-renewal	[50–53]
			Decrease reprogramming efficiency to iPSCs	[51, 54]
		Downregulation of Atg12/Pink1	Promote stem cell differentiation	[50, 54]
		Downregulation of Atg3	Display abnormal differentiation	[51]
		Downregulation of Pink1	Impair neuron stem cell differentiation	[57]
		Downregulation of Pink1/Parkin/Bnip3	Lose the function of protecting the cell from apoptosis	[59–61]
Mito-biogenesis	PGC1α	Inhibition of biogenesis	Inhibit differentiation	[62]
		Inhibition or activation of biogenesis	Lose stemness	[64, 65]
		Inhibition of biogenesis	Cause cell death	[66]
		Activation of biogenesis	Promote stem cell differentiation	[63]

This table includes most key factors that are directly involved in mito-fission, mito-fusion, mitophagy, and mitochondrial biogenesis that are mentioned in this review. The effects of these key factors on stem cell behaviors are listed with the numbers of the references.