Table 4.

An overview of the effects of experimenter/clinician sex on pain and placebo effects.

	Study	Sex effect	Target	Finding
1	Otto and Dougher (47)	No effects	Pain	–
2	Feine et al. (48)	No effects	Pain	–
3	Bush et al. (49)	No effects	Pain	–
4	Thorn et al. (52)	No effects	Pain	–
5	Essick et al. (53)	No effects	Pain	–
6	Weimer et al. (58)	No effects	Placebo	–
7	Levine and De Simone (19)	Interaction effect	Pain	Female experimenters induced lower pain reports in males.
8	Gijsbers and Nicholson (54)	Interaction effect	Pain	Female experimenters induced lower pain reports in males.
9	Aslaksen et al. (25)	Interaction effect	Pain	Female experimenters induced lower pain reports in males.
10	Vigil et al. (62)	Interaction effect	Pain	Male experimenters induced lower pain reports in females.
11	Aslaksen and Flaten (56)	Interaction effect	Placebo	Male experimenters induced lower pain reports in males.
12*	Kállai et al. (22)	Interaction effect	Pain	Opposite sex experimenters induced lower pain reports. (i.e., females reported higher pain tolerance to male experimenters)
12	Kállai et al. (22)	Main effect	Pain	Female experimenters induced higher pain intensity report in both sex subjects.
13	Vigil et al. (59)	Main effect	Pain	Male experimenters induced lower pain reports in both sex subjects.
14	Vigil and Alcock (60)	Main effect	Pain	Female clinicians generated higher pain reports in both sex patients.
15	Sorge et al. (61)	Main effect	Pain	Male experimenters induced lower pain expressions in mice.
16	Carter et al. (51)	Main effect	Pain	Female experimenters induced lower pain reports in both sex subjects.
17	Fillingim et al. (50)	Main effect	Pain	Female experimenters induced lower pain reports in both sex subjects.

*The study of Kállai et al. (22) has reported both interaction and main effects. Therefore, this study is considered twice.