Table 3.
Adjusted logistic regression (AOR) for physical child punishment in Viet Nam, 2006–20141
| Model 1 Wealth Index AOR (95% CI) | Model 2 Wealth Index + Education Level AOR (95% CI) | Model 3 Wealth Index + Education Level + Attitudes toward Child Punishment AOR (95% CI) | Model 4 Wealth interaction by year p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wealth index (quintiles) | ||||
| 1 (Poorest) | 1.58*** (1.39, 1.79) |
1.50*** (1.31, 1.71) |
1.35*** (1.18, 1.55) |
<0.001 |
| 2 (Second) | 1.38*** (1.23, 1.55) |
1.33*** (1.18, 1.50) |
1.21** (1.07, 1.37) |
0.012 |
| 3 (Middle) | 1.36*** (1.22, 1.52) |
1.31*** (1.17, 1.48) |
1.24*** (1.10, 1.40) |
0.047 |
| 4 (Fourth) | 1.18*** (1.07, 1.31) |
1.16*** (1.04, 1.28) |
1.14** (1.02, 1.26) |
0.05 |
| 5 (Richest) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Education of household head | ||||
| Completed primary or less | 1.08 (0.98, 1.20) |
1.03 (0.93, 1.14) |
||
| Completed lower secondary | 1.05 (0.95, 1.16) |
1.03 (0.93, 1.14) |
||
| Completed upper secondary or more | Ref | Ref | ||
| Missing | 1.30** (1.09, 1.55) |
1.13 (0.94, 1.35) |
||
| Attitudes toward physical child punishment | ||||
| Believe that physical punishment is necessary | Ref | |||
| Do not believe that physical punishment is necessary | 0.27*** (0.24, 0.29) |
|||
| Don’t know | 0.66*** (0.49, 0.89) |
|||
| Missing | 0.01*** (0.00, 0.06) |
|||
| Year | ||||
| 2006 | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| 2011 | 2.71*** (2.50, 2.93) |
2.58*** (2.36, 2.83) |
3.66*** (3.31, 4.04) |
|
| 2014 | 1.86*** (1.71, 2.02) |
1.77*** (1.62, 1.94) |
2.57*** (2.32, 2.85) |
|
| Pseudo R2 | ||||
| 0.0348 | 0.0352 | 0.0818 | ||
1
All 3 models were adjusted for the year in which the survey was conducted, household head sex, ethnicity, religion, household size and the place of residence.
*
p<0.1
**
p<0.05
***
p<0.01.