Table 5.

Synthesis of 3D imaging analysis of studies using non-radiographic imaging (n = 6)

3D imaging method	First author, year	Scanned object	Registration					Reliability test
			Technique	Landmarks (no.)	Placement of landmarks	Landmark specifications	Superimposition of multitemporal images	No. of observers	Intrarater reliability	Inter rater reliability
SP	Sander, 201118	Cast	Surface	–	S	Polygons area on intercanthal line and long axis of nose	Procustes technique, RMS values between surfaces	1	√	X
3D digitizer	Mishima, 199719	Cast	Landmarks (mesh form)	700	A	Dense co-ordinates formed mesh image	Best-fit method (colour-map)	X	X	X
	Braumann, 200320	Cast	Landmarks	2	A	Distal edge of canine segment of non-cleft side	Best-fit method (colour-map)	X	√	X
Laser scanner	Baek, 200621	Cast	Landmarks	1	M	Point selected from arbitrary manual landmarks (around middle of the palate)	Superimposition	2	√	√
	Schwenzer-Zimmerer, 200922	Patient	X	X	X	X	Best-fit method (colour-map)	1	√	X
	Fuchigami, 201423	Cast	Landmarks	1	M	Point selected from arbitrary manual landmarks (around middle of the palate)	Superimposition	1	X	X

3D, three dimensionl; X, not mentioned or not conducted; M, manual; S, semi-automatic; A, automatic; RMS, Root mean square distances; –, not applicable; SP, stereophotogrammetry;