Table 1.
Post-transcriptional Regulators of the Pluripotent State
| Biological process | Regulators | Mechanisms | PMID |
|---|---|---|---|
| mRNA processing | FOX2 | Facilitates pluripotency-specific AS in human ESC | 19136955 |
| SON | 24013217 | ||
| SFRS2 | Regulates AS of Mbd2 to support human ESC and iPSC self-renewal | 24813856 | |
| ZCCHC24, RBM47 | Regulates phase-specific AS during reprogramming | 27050523 | |
| SFRS11 | Regulates AS for genes that are critical for human somatic cell reprogramming | 27292646 | |
| MBNL1, MBNL2 | Promotes differentiation-specific AS patterns in human ESC and reprogramming | 23739326 | |
| RBM24 | Regulates AS events that favor cardiac specification during mouse ESC differentiation | 26990106 | |
| FIP1 | Activates ESC-specific APAs for pluripotency-associated genes in mouse ESC and reprogramming | 24596251 | |
| mRNA modification | METTL3, METTL14 | Promotes degradation of target mRNAs via m6A in mouse ESC | 25456834, 25569111, 24394384 |
| ZFP217 | Promotes mouse somatic cell reprogramming via m6A deposition on target mRNAs | 26526723 | |
| mRNA export | THOC2, THOC5 | Facilitates pluripotency gene transcript nuclear export to support mouse ESC self-renewal and somatic cell reprogramming | 24315442 |
| poly(A) tail | CCR4-NOT | Promotes differentiation gene mRNA deadenylation and degradation to support mouse ESC self-renewal and epiblast maintenance; also supports somatic cell reprogramming and germ cell development | 22367759, 27746116, 27037025, 28297718 |
| Promotes planarian stem cell differentiation via deadenylation and degradation of stem cell gene mRNAs | 24367277 | ||
| mRNA translation | NAT1 | Promotes Map3k3 and Sos1 mRNA translation and mouse ESC differentiation | 11032820, 28003464 |
| DAZL | Promotes Tet1 mRNA translation and supports the naïve pluripotency state | 26077710 | |
| Suppresses Oct4 mRNA translation in both human and mouse ESCs | 27768780, 23298641 | ||
| Multifunctional | LIN28 | Promotes human somatic cell reprogramming and transition to the primed pluripotent state via let-7-dependent and independent pathways; couples MAPK/ERK signaling to post-transcriptional control | 27320042, 27992407 |
| Inhibits Hmga2 mRNA translation in mouse ESC | 27920151 | ||
| Interacts with RHA to promote Oct4 mRNA translation and human ESC self-renweal | 19966271 | ||
| L1TD1 | Interacts with post-transcriptional regulators and pluripotency factors in human ESC | 25702638 | |
| Interacts with LIN28 to regulate Oct4 mRNA translation in human ESC | 22162396 | ||
| ESRP1 | Fine-tunes pluripotency gene mRNA translation in mouse ESC | 24015231 | |
| Promotes pluripotency-specific AS events during mouse iPSC generation | 27050523 | ||
| DDX5 | Represses the expression and function of RYBP via miR-125b during mouse somatic cell reprogramming | 28111200 |