. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Mar 1.

Published in final edited form as: Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2018 Nov 25;27(3):310–321. doi: 10.1016/j.jagp.2018.11.006

Table 2:

Adjusted Hazard Ratios for Incident Cardiovascular Disease associated with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms

	n (%) with CVD outcome	unadjusted HR^a (95% CI)	Model 1 aHR^a (95% CI)	Model 2 aHR^a (95% CI)	Model 3 aHR^a (95% CI)	Model 4 aHR^a (95% CI)	Model 5 aHR^a (95% CI)
Overall	240(11.6)

n		2073	2072	1934	1933	1910	1845

All Participants
PCL ≥ 37	32 (18.0)	1.7 (1.2, 2.5)^**	1.9 (1.3, 2.8)^***	1.6 (1.1, 2.4)^*	1.6 (1.0, 2.5)^*	1.6 (1.0, 2.5)^*	1.7(1.1, 2.6)^*
PCL < 37	208 (11.0)	reference	reference	reference	reference	reference	reference

Race Stratification

Whites
PCL ≥37	12 (13.6)	1.1 (0.6, 1.9)	1.2 (0.6, 2.1)	0.9 (0.5, 1.7)	0.9 (0.4, 1.8)	0.9 (0.4, 1.8)	0.9 (0.4, 1.9)
PCL < 37	169 (12.5)	reference	reference	reference	reference	reference	reference
Blacks
PCL ≥37	20 (22.2)	3.4 (2.0, 5.8)^***	3.4 (2.0, 5.8)^***	3.4 (1.9, 6.1)^***	3.4 (1.8, 6.3)^***	3.5 (1.9, 6.7)^***	3.3 (1.7, 6.3)^***
PCL < 37	39 (7.2)	reference	reference	reference	reference	reference	reference

Sex Stratification

Women
PCL ≥ 37	20 (15.4)	1.8 (1.1, 3.0)^*	1.9 (1.2, 3.1)^**	1.8 (1.0, 3.0)^*	1.7 (1.0, 3.1)^Λ	1.70(0.9,3.1)^Λ	2.1 (1.1, 3.9)^*
PCL < 37	98 (8.9)	reference	reference	reference	reference	reference	reference
Men
PCL ≥ 37	12 (25.0)	1.8 (1.0, 3.2)^Λ	1.9 (1.0, 3.4)^*	1.4 (0.7, 2.7)	1.4 (0.7, 2.9)	1.4 (0.7, 2.8)	1.2 (0.6, 2.5)
PCL < 37	110 (14.0)	reference	reference	reference	reference	reference	reference

Age Stratification

Age ≥75 years
PCL ≥37	17 (21.8)	1.6 (1.0, 2.7)^Λ	1.8 (1.1, 2.9)^*	1.7 (1.0, 2.9)^Λ	1.6 (0.9, 2.9)	1.6 (0.9, 2.9)	1.7 (0.9, 3.1)^Λ
PCL < 37	132 (14.2)	reference	reference	reference	reference	reference	reference
Age < 75 years
PCL ≥ 37	15 (15.0)	1.9 (1.1, 3.4)^*	2.2 (1.2, 3.8)^**	1.6 (0.9, 3.0)	1.9 (0.9, 3.7)^Λ	1.8 (0.9, 3.5)	1.9 (0.9, 4.0)
PCL < 37	76 (7.9)	reference	reference	reference	reference	reference	reference

^Λ

p<0.10,

p<0.05,

^**

p<0.01,

^***

p<0.001

Waid χ², df=1 for all

Model 1 adjusted for age, sex, race, marital status, and education

Model 2 adjusted for Model 1 variables plus uncontrolled blood pressure, Charlson Comorbidity Index, number of antihypertensive medication classes, satisfaction with healthcare, reduced antihypertensive medications due to cost, number of visits to primary care physician in the past year, and medication adherence (pharmacy fill) Model 3 adjusted for Model 2 variables plus depressive symptoms and coping

Model 4 adjusted for Model 3 variables plus smoking status, alcohol intake, body mass index, and healthy lifestyles for blood pressure control (fruit and vegetable intake, exercise, and sodium reduction)

Model 5 adjusted for Model 4 variables plus living in an area highly affected by Hurricane Katrina, damage to >25% of residence, having a friend or family member who died within one month of hurricane, evacuated prior to hurricane, and did not return to same home after hurricane

CVD – Cardiovascular disease; PTSD – Posttraumatic Stress Disorder; HR – Hazard Ratio; CI – confidence interval; PCL – PTSD Checklist – Specific