. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Feb 1.

Published in final edited form as: Adv Healthc Mater. 2018 Dec 10;8(4):e1801180. doi: 10.1002/adhm.201801180

Table 5.

Summary of existing studies of microneedle mediated oral mucosal vaccine delivery.

MN Technology	Animal Model	Delivery location	Puncture depth	Delivery efficiency	Vaccine composition	Immune response	Other notes
Solid coated microneedles	Rabbit	Inner lip	~400 μm	63.9%	OVA	IgA, IgG	-Statistical significance of IgA titers in saliva for intramuscular vs. oral mucosal not evaluated -OVA specific IgA and IgG responses induced only after second dose
		Inner lip	~400 μm	63.9%	Virus-like particle, plasmid	IgA, IgG
		Dorsal tongue	~400 μm	91.2%	OVA	IgA, IgG
		Dorsal tongue	~400 μm	91.2%	Virus-like particle, plasmid	IgA, IgG
Microprojection array	Mouse	Buccal	47.8 μm	30%	Fluvax (inactivated split virion)	IgG	-IgG titer similar to intramuscular delivery, lower than dermal
Liposome containing dissolving MNs	Mouse	n.d.^a)	n.d.	n.d.	Liposomes containing lipid A+ Hepatitis B surface antigen or bovine serum albumin	IgG, IgA, CD8+ T cells	-Specific site of oral mucosal delivery not reported -IgG titer lower than subcutaneous delivery -CD8+ T cell numbers greater than subcutaneous

^a)

Not determined.