Table 1.
| Characteristic | Total cohort |
Drug modality† |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Opioids | Opioids + NSAID | Opioids + aceta§ | Opioids + NSAID + aceta§ | |
| Academic hospital | |||||
| No. (%) | 7893 | 1921 (24.34) | 375 (4.75) | 4779 (60.55) | 818 (10.36) |
| Age—y | 59.91 ± 15.84 | 58.71 ± 15.27 | 63.75 ± 12.52 | 59.56 ± 16.20 | 62.96 ± 15.76 |
| Gender—n (%) | |||||
| Women | 4552 (57.67) | 1033 (22.69) | 209 (4.59) | 2806 (61.64) | 504 (11.07) |
| Men | 3341 (42.33) | 888 (26.58) | 166 (4.97) | 1973 (59.05) | 314 (9.40) |
| Race/Ethnicity—n (%) | |||||
| White | 4916 (62.28) | 1194 (25.77) | 244 (4.96) | 2917 (59.34) | 561 (11.41) |
| Hispanic | 943 (11.95) | 243 (25.77) | 44 (4.67) | 590 (62.57) | 66 (7.00) |
| Black | 267 (3.38) | 72 (26.97) | 14 (5.24) | 153 (57.30) | 28 (10.49) |
| Asian | 1018 (12.90) | 205 (20.14) | 38 (3.73) | 681 (66.90) | 94 (9.23) |
| Other/Unknown | 749 (9.49) | 207 (27.64) | 35 (4.67) | 438 (58.48) | 69 (9.21) |
| Charlson comorbidity—no. (%) | |||||
| 0 | 4024 (50.98) | 1013 (25.17) | 265 (6.59) | 2247(55.84) | 499 (12.40) |
| 1 | 1021 (12.94) | 276 (27.03) | 49 (4.80) | 574 (56.22) | 122 (11.95) |
| 2+ | 2848 (36.08) | 632 (22.19) | 61 (2.14) | 1958 (68.75) | 197 (6.92) |
| Insurance type—n (%) | |||||
| Private | 3504 (44.39) | 883 (25.20) | 159 (4.54) | 2137 (60.99) | 325 (9.28) |
| Medicaid | 759 (9.62) | 196 (25.82) | 27 (3.56) | 478 (62.98) | 58 (7.64) |
| Medicare | 3398 (43.05) | 767 (22.57) | 169 (4.97) | 2038 (59.98) | 424 (12.48) |
| Other | 232 (2.94) | 75 (32.33) | 20 (8.62) | 126 (54.31) | 11 (4.74) |
| Veteran health administration data | |||||
| No. (%) | 34,581 | 6504 (18.81) | 1847 (5.34) | 18,943 (54.78) | 7287 (21.07) |
| Age—y | 62.96 ± 9.08 | 62.58 ± 9.14 | 62.44 ± 8.36 | 63.10 ± 9.31 | 63.06 ± 8.57 |
| Gender—n (%) | |||||
| Men | 32,158 (92.99) | 488 (20.14) | 120 (4.95) | 1412 (58.27) | 403 (16.63) |
| Women | 2423 (7.01) | 6016 (18.71) | 1727 (5.37) | 17,531 (54.52) | 6884 (21.41) |
| Race/Ethnicity—n (%) | |||||
| White | 27,339 (81.72) | 5301 (19.39) | 1447 (5.29) | 14,893 (54.48) | 5698 (20.84) |
| Hispanic | 142 (0.42) | 46 (32.39) | 8 (5.63) | 61 (42.96) | 27 (19.01) |
| Black | 5143 (15.37) | 779 (15.15) | 283 (5.50) | 2934 (57.05) | 1147 (22.30) |
| Other/Unknown | 831 (2.48) | 152 (18.77) | 1781 (5.32) | 18,354 (54.86) | 7042 (21.05) |
| Charlson comorbidity—no. (%) | |||||
| 0 | 21,668 (62.66) | 3820 (17.63) | 1209 (5.58) | 11,751 (54.23) | 4888 (22.56) |
| 1 | 7219 (20.88) | 1295 (17.94) | 392 (5.43) | 3871 (53.62) | 1661 (23.01) |
| 2+ | 5694 (16.47) | 641 (24.39) | 246 (4.32) | 3321 (58.32) | 738 (12.96) |
*
Plus-minus values are means ± SD.
†
Drug modality-drug combination regime provided at discharge.
‡
Significant at P < 0.05 unless stated otherwise.
§
Acetaeacetaminophen.