. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Aug 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Surg Res. 2018 Apr 11;228:160–169. doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2018.03.029

Table 4.

The estimated association between drug modality and first follow-up pain and readmissions.

Drug modality	AH (n = 3810)		VHA^† (n = 23,773)
Drug modality	Adjusted analysis odds ratio (95% CI)	P value	Adjusted analysis odds ratio (95% CI)	P value
First follow-up Pain score^*
Opioids	1 (Ref)		1 (Ref)
Opioids and NSAID	0.95 (0.61, 1.47)	0.83	1.00 (0.87, 1.15)	0.97
Opioids and acetaminophen	0.97 (0.78, 1.20)	0.91	0.86 (0.79, 0.93)	0.001
Opioids and NSAID and acetaminophen	0.71 (0.53, 0.96)	0.02	0.77 (0.69, 0.86)	<0.001
Drug modality	AH (n = 4791)		VHA (n = 32,739)
Drug modality	Adjusted analysis odds ratio (95% CI)	P value	Adjusted analysis odds ratio (95% CI)	P value
Readmissions^†
Opioids	1 (Ref)		1 (Ref)
Opioids and NSAID	0.84 (0.53, 1.32)	0.46	0.97 (0.85, 0.10)	0.66
Opioids and acetaminophen	0.74 (0.60, 0.90)	0.004	0.89 (0.82, 0.96)	0.007
Opioids and NSAID and acetaminophen	0.46 (0.31, 0.69)	<0.001	0.84 (0.76, 0.93)	0.001

First pain score recorded within 45 d of discharge date. Models controlled for gender, age at surgery, race/ethnicity, insurance, Charlson comorbidity, surgery type, days to follow-up, preoperative pain, discharge pain, inpatient oral morphine equivalence, and year of surgery by provider/prescriber.

^†

All-cause readmissions within 30 d of discharge date. Models controlled for gender, age at surgery, race/ethnicity, insurance, Charlson comorbidity, surgery type, preoperative pain, discharge pain, inpatient oral morphine equivalence, and year of surgery by provider/prescriber.