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. 2019 Apr 23;9:6389. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-42691-z

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effects of prenatal stress across generations on anxiety-like behaviour. Anxiety-like behaviour was indicated by the amount of time a rat spent in the margins of an open field task. (A) Both trans- and multigenerational stress increased levels of anxiety-like behaviours in F3 and F4 generation male but not female rats at postnatal day (P) 90. (B) Multigenerational stress cumulatively exacerbated anxiety-like behaviours, as F4-SSSS males spent more time in margins than SNNN (transgenerational) or NNNN (non-stressed) rats at P180. Asterisks indicate significances: *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. All data presented as mean ± SEM. “a” indicates sex effect; “b” indicates stress effect.