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. 2019 Apr 23;9:6389. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-42691-z

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Trans- and multigenerational stress lineages. Naïve dams were stressed during timed pregnancy to generate the F1 prenatally stressed offspring (F1-S). For the F4 generation, transgenerationally stressed (F4-SNNN) offspring came from a lineage where only great-great grandmothers were exposed to stress during pregnancy, while multigenerationally stressed offspring (F4-SSSS) came from a lineage where 4 consecutive generations of pregnant mothers were subjected to stress. Housing, handling, testing and tissue sampling conditions were harmonized across generations. Each generation was outcrossed, and family trees were closely monitored by the JAX Colony Management System (JCMS).