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. 2019 Apr 23;9:6381. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-42294-8

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Grad-CAM result for two example images. In the first one, we marked the location of the pneumothorax with a yellow box. As shown in the Grad-CAM image next to it, the models highest activation for the prediction is within the correct area. The second row shows a negative example where the highest activation, which was responsible for the final predication “pneumothorax”, is at the drain. This indicates that our trained CNN picked up drains as a main feature for “pneumothorax”. We marked the drain with yellow arrows.