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. 2019 Apr 16;6:49. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2019.00049

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Copyright © 2019 Goto, Rogers, Blaser, Higashi, Lee, Schlotter, Body, Aikawa, Singh and Aikawa.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Human valvular interstitial cell (VIC) calcification was donor- and passage-dependent in osteogenic media (OM) but not passage-dependent in pro-calcifying media (PM). (A) Alizarin red calcification stain and quantification of human calcific aortic valve disease tissue-derived VICs in normal control media (NM) or PM at passage one (P1) and passage four (P4), or in OM (B). Quantification presented as dot plots, bar indicates group mean, and for the OM dataset dots are distinguished by calcification-prone (calcified in OM, indicated by red dots) and calcification-resistant donors (non-calcified in OM, indicated by blue dots). n = 9 donors/media condition, F, female; M, male; N.S., non-significant; ^*P < 0.05 analyzed by t-test.