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. 2019 Apr 16;6:49. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2019.00049

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Copyright © 2019 Goto, Rogers, Blaser, Higashi, Lee, Schlotter, Body, Aikawa, Singh and Aikawa.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Gross calcification of valve tissues from which calcification-prone VICs were isolated was not different from that in which calcification-resistant VICs were isolated. Images of aortic valve leaflets used to obtain VICs. Tissues from which calcification-resistant VICs were obtained, leaflets 1–5 shown in (A), and calcification-prone VICs were obtained, leaflets 6–9 shown in (B). Calcification-prone VICs were assessed to be Alizarin red-positive in passage one when cultured in OM, whereas calcification-resistant VICs did not calcify under these conditions. (C) Quantification of the percent-positive areas of calcified leaflets (indicated by calcified nodules on the images). 8 of 9 donors shown (image was not collected for donor 4); n = 4 donors per leaflet group, N.S., non-significant.