Table 2.
Psychiatric factors of the participants (N = 3,262).
| Hikikomori (n = 58) | Non-hikikomori (n = 3,204) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Suicide risks (one risk or more) I often feel guilty toward my family I often feel that my life is suffocated I wish to die I always feel hopeless I hurt myself (e.g., cut my wrist) |
47 (81.0%) 42 (72.4%) 28 (48.3%) 21 (36.2%) 19 (32.8%) 5 (8.6%) |
1,397 (43.6%) 1,046 (32.6%) 649 (20.3%) 340 (10.6%) 438 (13.7%) 32 (1.0%) |
<.001 <.001* <.001* <.001* <.001* <.001* |
| Violent tendencies (one risk or more) I hit my family members I hit the walls or windows I throw and destroy things occasionally (e.g., dishes) I occasionally yell at others |
10 (17.2%) 3 (5.2%) 6 (10.3%) 5 (8.6%) 5 (8.6%) |
470 (14.7%) 81 (2.5%) 224 (7.0%) 35 (1.1%) 329 (10.3%) |
.584 .4 .465 <.001* .848 |
| Interpersonal difficulties (one risk or more) I am afraid of meeting others I am anxious about the possibility of meeting people that I know I am anxious about what others might think of me I cannot blend into groups |
43 (74.1%) 21 (36.2%) 28 (48.3%) 30 (51.7%) 31 (53.4%) |
1,155 (36.0%) 260 (8.1%) 227 (7.1%) 906 (28.3%) 467 (14.6%) |
<.001 <.001* <.001* <.001* <.001* |
| OCB (one risk or more) I cannot stand it if my meals and bath times are slightly different than usual I pay excessive attention to my own cleanliness I excessively double-check things and have repetitive thoughts I repeat the same act over and over |
23 (39.7%) 1 (1.7%) 8 (13.8%) 17 (29.3%) 14 (24.1%) |
769 (24.0%) 45 (1.4%) 236 (7.4%) 493 (15.4%) 324 (10.1%) |
.006 >.999 .111 .007* .001* |
| Dependencies (one risk or more) I cannot stop drinking I am heavily dependent on medications I am anxious if I am away from my phone or computer for even a moment |
15 (25.9%) 5 (8.6%) 7 (12.1%) 9 (15.5%) |
479 (15.0%) 204 (6.4%) 61 (1.9%) 291 (9.1%) |
.022 .671 <.001* .147 |
p-value derived using the continuity correction computer only for a 2 × 2 table chi-square test.
* = p-values that meet the significance level after being adjusted for the number of items. OCB, obsessive–compulsive behavior.