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. 2019 Apr 16;10:247. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00247

Table 2.

Psychiatric factors of the participants (N = 3,262).

Hikikomori (n = 58) Non-hikikomori (n = 3,204) p-value
Suicide risks (one risk or more)
 I often feel guilty toward my family
 I often feel that my life is suffocated
 I wish to die
 I always feel hopeless
 I hurt myself (e.g., cut my wrist)
47 (81.0%)
42 (72.4%)
28 (48.3%)
21 (36.2%)
19 (32.8%)
5 (8.6%)
1,397 (43.6%)
1,046 (32.6%)
649 (20.3%)
340 (10.6%)
438 (13.7%)
32 (1.0%)
<.001
<.001*
<.001*
<.001*
<.001*
<.001*
Violent tendencies (one risk or more)
 I hit my family members
 I hit the walls or windows
 I throw and destroy things occasionally (e.g., dishes)
 I occasionally yell at others
10 (17.2%)
3 (5.2%)
6 (10.3%)
5 (8.6%)
5 (8.6%)
470 (14.7%)
81 (2.5%)
224 (7.0%)
35 (1.1%)
329 (10.3%)
.584
.4
.465
<.001*
.848
Interpersonal difficulties (one risk or more)
 I am afraid of meeting others
 I am anxious about the possibility of meeting people that I know
 I am anxious about what others might think of me
 I cannot blend into groups
43 (74.1%)
21 (36.2%)
28 (48.3%)
30 (51.7%)
31 (53.4%)
1,155 (36.0%)
260 (8.1%)
227 (7.1%)
906 (28.3%)
467 (14.6%)
<.001
<.001*
<.001*
<.001*
<.001*
OCB (one risk or more)
 I cannot stand it if my meals and bath times are slightly different than usual
 I pay excessive attention to my own cleanliness
 I excessively double-check things and have repetitive thoughts
 I repeat the same act over and over
23 (39.7%)
1 (1.7%)
8 (13.8%)
17 (29.3%)
14 (24.1%)
769 (24.0%)
45 (1.4%)
236 (7.4%)
493 (15.4%)
324 (10.1%)
.006
>.999
.111
.007*
.001*
Dependencies (one risk or more)
 I cannot stop drinking
 I am heavily dependent on medications
 I am anxious if I am away from my phone or computer for even a moment
15 (25.9%)
5 (8.6%)
7 (12.1%)
9 (15.5%)
479 (15.0%)
204 (6.4%)
61 (1.9%)
291 (9.1%)
.022
.671
<.001*
.147

p-value derived using the continuity correction computer only for a 2 × 2 table chi-square test.

* = p-values that meet the significance level after being adjusted for the number of items. OCB, obsessive–compulsive behavior.