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. 2019 Apr 16;13:112. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00112

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Copyright © 2019 Rotermund, Schulz, Hirnet and Lohr.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Purinergic signaling in the olfactory bulb. Known release sides of purines (yellow) and distribution (red: physiological data, blue: histological data) of purinoceptors and degrading enzymes in the cellular network of the olfactory bulb. Electrical stimulation of axons of olfactory sensory neurons (OSN) results in the release of ATP from axon terminals in the GL and alongside the axons in the ONL. ATP is released from astrocytes (AC) via the opening of connexin 43 hemichannels. P2X_2/4/5 receptors have been identified histologically in mitral cells (MC) and tufted cells (TC). Physiological evidence exists for the expression of P2Y₁ receptors in AC and MC, as well as for A₁ receptor expression in MC and A_2A receptor expression in AC. Expression of the A_2A receptor has been shown histologically for the GL, EPL and mitral cell layer (MCL). Activity of nucleotide-degrading enzymes alkaline phosphatase (AP) and ecto 5′-nucleotidase (CD73) has been demonstrated in several layers. Abbr.: GC, granule cell; GCL, granule cell layer; IPL, internal plexiform layer; LOT, lateral olfactory tract; OEC, olfactory ensheathing cell; PG, periglomerular neuron; PV, parvalbumin-positive neuron; SAC, short axon cell. Illustration by SciGraphics.