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. 2019 Jan 25;4(1):10. doi: 10.3390/biomimetics4010010

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Simulating moment arms for three biarticular muscles including (A,B) the biceps femoris anterior, (C,D) biceps femoris posterior, and (E,F) plantaris. Moment arms (purple) are calculated about each of the spanned joints. Muscle paths are highlighted on the 3D figures on the left with flyouts showing detail about the joint space. Scalar moment arm lengths are derived from these simulations in the sagittal plane. External/internal rotational axes (ExR/InR), represented in blue, and adduction/abduction axes (Add/Abd), represented in green, are shown but not presently analyzed.