Berlauk 1991.

Methods	RCT Single centre
Participants	89 patients Elective surgery Vascular surgery
Interventions	3 groups Preoperative Fluids and inotropes Pulmonary artery catheter Goals = CI
Outcomes	Hospital mortality HLOS ICULOS Cost Acute renal failure Congestive cardiac failure Graft thrombosis Acute myocardial infarction Arrhythmia
Notes	3 Groups, where group‐1 had PA catheter driven protocol initiated in surgical intensive care unit (SICU) 12 hours before surgery, group‐2 had PA catheter driven protocol initiated 3 hours before surgery and group‐3 control group without protocol. Arrhythmia episodes were reported, not clear of denominator. The analysis is combined for groups 1 and 2.
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	"Randomization for all study groups was generated by a random number generator (Statworks)"
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Method of concealment is not described
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Not detailed
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Not detailed
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	No missing outcome data
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	Report included all expected outcomes
Other bias	Unclear risk	Two patients were excluded from group 1 due to not having surgery. This may have induced selection bias.