Sandham 2003.

Methods	RCT Multicentre
Participants	1994 patients Elective surgery Emergency surgery General surgery Thoracic surgery Vascular surgery Hip fracture surgery
Interventions	Preoperative Fluids and inotropes Pulmonary artery catheter Goals = DO2I, CI
Outcomes	Hospital, 6 month and 12 month mortality HLOS Myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, supraventricular tachycardia, pulmonary embolism, renal insufficiency, hepatic insufficiency, sepsis from central venous catheter (CVC) or pulmonary artery catheter (PAC), wound infection, pneumonia, adverse events related to PAC or CVC: pulmonary infarction, haemothorax, pulmonary haemorrhage, pneumothorax, arterial puncture
Notes
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	"Randomization was carried out by computer‐generated sequence, stratified according to type of surgery and according to ASA class and blocked according to centre"
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Low risk	"Assignments were concealed in opaque sealed envelopes"
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Not blinded as it was not feasible
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Low risk	The outcome assessment was blinded
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Loss of patients follow‐up at 6 months in both groups
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	All expected outcomes were reported
Other bias	Unclear risk	Supported by a healthcare company