Table 1.
Most relevant SNPs identified in the MSTN promoter region
| Animal group | Breeds or species | SNP | Effect on MSTN promoter/gene | Phenotype changes | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bovine | Marchigiana, Chianina, Romagnola, Piedmontese, Holstein Friesian, Italian Red Pied, Brown Swiss, Belgian Blue, Limousine | T/A (−371) | Introduction of a Pit1 (signal sequence TAAAT) and a WAP–US6 (signal sequence TTTAAA) binding motifs at − 372 and at − 374, respectively | Effect on muscularity only when associated with a mutation in the coding region (observed in Marchigiana) | [40, 44] |
| Holstein (Dutch), Hanwoo and Jeju Black (Korean) | – | Effects on meat quality grade index and fat color index of backfat | [42] | ||
| Marchigiana, Chianina, Romagnola, Piedmontese, Holstein Friesian, Italian Red Pied, Belgian Blue | G/C (− 805) | Introduction of an LBP-1 binding motif at − 806 (binding motif WCTRG) | – | [40, 44] | |
| Porcine | Several commercial breeds | G/A (− 847); A/G (− 835) | Not significantly associated with MSTN expression levels; possible disruption of a MEF3 binding motif | Associated to growth, daily gain and meat quality traits | [53] |
| Yorkshire | T/A (− 383) | – | Positive effects on birth weight and growth traits | [114] | |
| Large White, Landrace, Meishan, Wild boar, Piétrain, Yorkshire, Duroc | A/G (−447); G/A (− 435) | Disruption of a MEF3 binding motif (445–454); Differential expression of Mstn gene of muscle; likely to affect the recognition of E-box by MRFs; possible disruption of NFAT binding motif | Associated with body weight, higher muscle weight and percentage, decreased backfat thickness | [46, 49, 52] | |
| Meishan | T/A (−879) | Disruption of MSX1/MSX2 binding motif (873–885) | – | [46] | |
| Sheep | Ovis aries | G/C (− 2449) | – | Connected to higher loin meat yields | [61] |
| T/C (− 2379) | – | Associated with increased birthweight | |||
| C/T (− 1129) C/T (− 959) |
– | – | [43] | ||
| A/G (− 784) | – | – | |||
| Horse | Equus caballus | T/C (−26) | – | Associated with heavy breeds, possible involvement in morphology traits | [64, 65] |
| T/C (−156) | Affects TATA-3 binding motif | ||||
| Rabbit | Oryctolagus cuniculus | T/C (− 125) | – | – | [115] |
| T/C (− 476) | – | Associated with increased liver weight and carcass weight; positive effect on growth | [116] | ||
| Chicken | Gallus gallus | A/T (− 214) | Possible disruption of FAST-1 binding motif | Higher body weights | [75] |
| Duck | Anas platyrhynchos | G/A (− 753) | – | Associated with breast meat percentages | [78] |
| G/C (− 235) | Associated with abdominal fat percentages | ||||
| Fish | Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) mstn-1b | C/T (− 1086) | – | Correlation with harvest weight, gutted weight, beheaded weight and fillet weight | [117] |
| Flatfish spotted halibut (Verasper variegatus) mstn-1 | T/C (− 355) | – | Correlation with growth traits in female individuals | [90] | |
| Invertebrates | Noble scallop (Chlamys nobilis) | A/C (− 579) | – | Associated with growth traits | [118] |
| Sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) | A/G (− 779) | – | Associated with dry body weight | [97] | |
| T/C (− 437) | – |
A minus symbol (−) indicates unavailable information because it was not identified or tested. SNPs were considered as one when linkage disequilibrium was verified