Table 3.
Factors associated with active TB diagnosis among HHCs in Amharaa
| No TB | TB | OR (CI)b | Adjusted OR (CI)c | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Host risk factors | ||||
| Nutritional status | ||||
| No malnutrition | 1083 (73) | 8 (42) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) |
| Malnutrition | 404 (27) | 11 (58) | 3.69 (1.19–11.44) | 3.39 (1.19–9.64) |
| Immuno-deficiencyd | ||||
| Absent | 1450 (97) | 16 (84) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) |
| Present | 40 (3) | 3 (16) | 6.80 (1.90–24.34) | 3.70 (0.86–15.87) |
| Environmental risk factors | ||||
| TB diagnosis in index case | ||||
| EPTB | 1009 (68) | 12 (63) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) |
| SS+ TB | 134 (9) | 6 (32) | 3.77 (1.06–13.34) | 7.43 (1.64–33.73) |
| Clinically Dx TB | 347 (23) | 1 (5) | 0.24 (0.03–1.87) | 0.43 (0.05–3.68) |
| HHC relationship to index case | ||||
| Other | 598 (40) | 13 (68) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) |
| Offspring/spouse | 892 (60) | 6 (32) | 0.31 (0.11–0.89) | 0.39 (0.15–1.02) |
| Household sleeps in same room as livestock | ||||
| No | 1085 (73) | 9 (47) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) |
| Yes | 405 (27) | 10 (53) | 2.98 (1.05–8.48) | 3.36 (0.92–12.28) |
| TB history in household | ||||
| No | 1336 (90) | 12 (63) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) |
| Yes | 154 (10) | 7 (37) | 5.06 (1.77–14.44) | 4.18 (1.51–11.55) |
Abbreviations: TB tuberculosis, EPTB extra-pulmonary TB, SS+ PTB sputum smear positive pulmonary TB, Dx diagnosed
aPresented as n (%) unless otherwise indicated
bBivariate GEE analysis, bold indicates statistical significance at p < 0.1
cMultivariate GEE analysis, bold indicates statistical significance at p < 0.05
dSelf-reported; includes HIV, severe kidney disease, diabetes, previous or current cancer treatment, previous TB disease, and symptoms/signs of primary immunodeficiency (e.g., recurrent or chronic infections)