Table 1.
Characteristics of the participants aged ≥40 years old by kidney function status obtained from MJ Health Institute between 2008 and 2010
| Total (n = 41,128) |
Mildly impaired kidney functiona (n = 37,882) |
Moderately/Severely impaired kidney functionb (n = 3246) |
P c | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (y) | 52.6 ± 9.9 | 51.7 ± 9.3 | 62.9 ± 11.1 | < 0.001 |
| Sex, males | 21,376 (52.0) | 19,682 (52.0) | 1694 (52.2) | 0.800 |
| Smoking status, current | 6717 (16.3) | 6304 (16.6) | 413 (12.7) | < 0.001 |
| Drinking status, yes | 6420 (15.6) | 6032 (15.9) | 388 (12.0) | < 0.001 |
| Physical activity, yes | 10,814 (26.3) | 9988 (26.4) | 816 (25.1) | < 0.001 |
| High cardiovascular risk profile | 2489 (6.1) | 1933 (5.1) | 556 (17.1) | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension status | 11,779 (28.6) | 10,008 (26.4) | 1771 (54.6) | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes status | 3974 (9.7) | 3291 (8.7) | 683 (21.0) | < 0.001 |
| Weight status | ||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.0 ± 3.3 | 23.9 ± 3.3 | 24.7 ± 3.5 | < 0.001 |
| Waist circumference | 79.7 ± 9.7 | 79.4 ± 9.7 | 82.5 ± 10.1 | < 0.001 |
| Hip circumference | 95.2 ± 5.9 | 95.2 ± 5.9 | 95.4 ± 6.1 | 0.044 |
| WHR | 0.9 ± 1.4 | 0.9 ± 1.4 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | < 0.001 |
| Body fat mass (%) | 27.4 ± 6.9 | 27.3 ± 6.8 | 27.9 ± 7.5 | < 0.001 |
| Cardiovascular risk factors | ||||
| SBP (mmHg) | 122.5 ± 18.2 | 121.8 ± 17.8 | 131.0 ± 20.2 | < 0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 73.8 ± 11.8 | 73.6 ± 11.7 | 76.2 ± 12.1 | < 0.001 |
| FBG (mmol/L) | 5.9 ± 1.3 | 5.8 ± 1.2 | 6.3 ± 1.9 | < 0.001 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.4 ± 1.1 | 1.4 ± 1.0 | 1.6 ± 1.2 | < 0.001 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 5.3 ± 0.9 | 5.3 ± 0.9 | 5.4 ± 1.0 | < 0.001 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.5 ± 0.4 | 1.5 ± 0.4 | 1.5 ± 0.4 | < 0.001 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 3.1 ± 0.8 | 3.1 ± 0.8 | 3.2 ± 0.8 | < 0.001 |
| TC/HDL-C | 3.6 ± 0.9 | 3.6 ± 0.9 | 3.8 ± 1.0 | < 0.001 |
| Calcium (mmol/L) | 2.3 ± 0.1 | 2.3 ± 0.1 | 2.4 ± 0.1 | < 0.001 |
| Phosphorus (mmol/L) | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 0.816 |
| Albumin, inflammatory biomarker, and kidney function | ||||
| Albumin (g/dL) | 4.5 ± 0.2 | 4.5 ± 0.2 | 4.4 ± 0.2 | < 0.001 |
| CRP (nmol/L) | 22.5 ± 47.9 | 21.4 ± 43.4 | 33.7 ± 81.0 | < 0.001 |
| BUN (mmol/L) | 5.2 ± 1.5 | 5.0 ± 1.2 | 6.9 ± 2.8 | < 0.001 |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 89.5 ± 22.2 | 86.8 ± 13.7 | 120.5 ± 54.8 | < 0.001 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 73.7 ± 9.9 | 75.7 ± 7.5 | 52.6 ± 8.6 | < 0.001 |
| Proteinuria | < 0.001 | |||
| + 1 | 39,311 (95.6) | 36,623 (96.7) | 2688 (82.8) | |
| + 2 | 1041 (2.5) | 819 (2.2) | 222 (6.8) | |
| ≥ + 3 | 776 (1.9) | 440 (1.1) | 336 (10.4) | |
BMI body mass index, WHR waist-to-hip ratio, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, FBG fasting blood glucose, TG triglycerides, TC total cholesterol, HDL-C high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, LDL-C low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, TC/HDL-C total cholesterol-to-HDL-C ratio, CRP C-reactive protein, BUN blood urea nitrogen, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate. Continuous data are presented as mean ± SD, and categorical data are presented as numbers (percentage)
aMildly impaired kidney function was defined as eGFR 60–89 mL/min/1.73 m2
bModerately/severely impaired kidney function was defined as eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2
cThe P-value was analyzed using Mann-Whitney U test for continuous variables and chi-square test for categorical variables