Table 2.
Epigenetic dysregulation in aging: chromatin remodeling.
| Chromatin remodeling target |
Regulation | Epigenetic modification |
Observed in | Sample size | Methods | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| H3 | ↓ | Methylation | Rat cerebral cortex | 12–18 | WB | Thakur and Kanungo, 1981 |
| H3K9 | ↓ | Acetylation | Rat (liver) | N.S. | WB | Kawakami et al., 2009 |
| H3K27 | ↑ | Methylation | SAMP8 mice | 6 | Nano-LC, MALDI-TOF/ | Wang et al., 2010a |
| H3K36 | ↓ | Tri-Methylation | TOF MS, WB, IHC | |||
| H3K79 | ↑ | Tri-/Methylation | ||||
| H3S10p | ↑ | Phosphorylation | Rat cerebral cortex | N.S. | WB | Kawakami et al., 2009 |
| H4 | ↓ | Methylation | Rat cerebral cortex | 12–18 | WB | Thakur and Kanungo, 1981 |
| Monoacetylation | Pina et al., 1988 | |||||
| H4K12 | ≠ | Acetylation | 16-months old mice | 12 | ChIP Seq-PCR, | Peleg et al., 2010 |
| HAT/HDAC assay | ||||||
| H4K16 | ↑ | Acetylation | SIRT-1 transfected cell lines | – | ChiP | Pruitt et al., 2006 |
| H4K20 | ↓ | Methylation | SAMP8 mice | 6 | Nano-LC, MALDI-TOF/TOF MS, WB, IHC |
Wang et al., 2010a |
| H4K20 | ↑ | Tri-methylation | Rats (Kidney, Liver) | N.S. | HPLC | Sarg et al., 2002 |
| Enzyme | Regulation | Modification in | Observed in | Sample size | Methods | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HDAC2 | ↑ | Expression | SOD mice | 48 | IHC | Chouliaras et al., 2013b |
| SIRT1 | ↓ | Rat Brain, Senescent cells | 24–45,– | WB, IHC, RT-PCR | Quintas et al., 2012; Sasaki et al.,2006; Sommer et al., 2006 | |
| PRC1, PRC2 | ↑ | hAD-MSCs, hUCB-MSCs | – | ICC, WB, RT-PCR | Jung et al., 2010 | |
indicates increased expression levels,
indicates decreased expression levels, and
indicates altered expression, not further specified.
Abbreviations: H, histone; HDAC, histone deacetylase; JMJD3; jumonji domain containing 3, K, lysine; p, phosphate modification; PRC; polycomb repressive complex, S, serine; SAMP, senescence-accelerated prone mouse 8; SIRT, sirtuin; SOD, copper-zinc superoxide dismutase 1; hAD-MSC; human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells, hUCB-MSC; human umbilical cord blood-derived MSCs N.S., not specified; WB, Western blot; Nano-LC, nano liquid chromatography; MALDI-TOF, matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight; TOF MS, time-of-flight mass spectrometry; ICC; immunocytochemistry, IHC, immunohistochemistry; ChIP Seq, chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing; HPLC: high-performance liquid chromatography; RT-PCR, real time-PCR.