Table 8.

Epigenetic dysregulation in Parkinson’s disease: chromatin remodeling.

Chromatin remodeling target	Regulation	Epigenetic modification	Observed in	Sample size	Methods	Reference
Histones (Globally)	↑	Deacetylation via binding of α- synuclein to PGC1-α promoter element	PD patients (SN)	16	GWES	Zheng et al., 2010
H3	↓	Acetylation via the interaction of α-synuclein with SIRT1	α-Synuclein-transfected SH-SY5Y cells PD Drosophila model	- N.S.	WB WB	Kontopoulos et al., 2006
	↑	Acetylation due to Paraquat and/ or Dieldrin exposure	N27 dopaminergic cells	-	WB	Song et al., 2010, 2011a
H3K4	↓	Tri-methylation due to MPTP- induced toxicity	Mice (striatum) Macaque monkeys (striatum)	5 18	WB	Nicholas et al., 2008
H4	↑	Acetylation due to Dieldrin exposure	N27 dopaminergic cells	-	WB	Song et al., 2011a
Heterozygous A53T SNCA mutation	≠	Epigenetically silenced affected allele via histone modifications	fPD patient	1	PCR	Voutsinas et al., 2010

^↑indicates increased expression levels,

^↓indicates decreased expression levels, and

^≠indicates a genetic mutation affecting epigenetic regulation.

Abbreviations: fPD, familial PD; H, histone; K, lysine; MPTP, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; PD, Parkinson’s disease; PGC1-α, peroxisome proliferator receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha; SH-SY5Y cells, human neuroblastoma cell line; SIRT1, sirtuin 1; SN, substantia nigra; SNCA, synuclein alpha; N.S., not specified; GWES, genome-wide epistasis studies; WB, Western blot; PCR, polymerase chain reaction.