ID

Currency

Costing Year

Study Period

Perspective

Direct cost

Indirect cost

N‐E

Mean‐E

SD

N‐C

Mean‐C

SD

MD

P value MD

Castro 2003

USD

1999

Not reported

50

5,726

5,679

46

12,188

19,352

6462

0.003

Ritz 2000

USD

Not reported (1996)

1995‐1997

Not reported

Not reported

Not reported

78

34,100

19,245

74

32,399

25,481

1701

0.128

Neidlinger 1993

USD

Not reported (1991)

January 1990 to June 1991

Not reported

Personnel cost

Not reported

27

Not reported

15

12 USD Mean‐E

Gardner 1991

USD

Not reported

Not reported

Not reported

Personnel cost based on DRGs

59.52

61.31

2.33

0.12

Shukla 1983

USD

Not reported

Jan‐Oct, but no year reported

Not reported

Personnel cost

Only reported as total cost

22.12 (RN‐M)

21.59 (M‐M)

20.19 (T‐M)

O'Connor 1992

USD

1989

1988‐1990

Not reported

Not reported

See Appendix 4 and Appendix 5

Abbreviations: N‐E: number of participants in experimental group; E: experimental; SD: standard deviation; N‐C: number of participants in control group; MD: mean difference; DRG: diagnosis‐related group; RN‐M: Registered Nurse model; M‐M: modular model; T‐M: team model; USD: USA dollars