Comparison 1. Acute pancreatitis.

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Short‐term mortality	67		Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
1.1 Antibiotics versus control	17	1058	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.81 [0.57, 1.15]
1.2 Antioxidants versus control	4	163	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	2.01 [0.53, 7.56]
1.3 Aprotinin versus control	7	651	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.68 [0.40, 1.14]
1.4 Calcitonin versus control	2	125	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.55 [0.15, 2.00]
1.5 Cimetidine versus control	1	40	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.0 [0.06, 17.18]
1.6 EDTA versus control	1	64	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.94 [0.12, 7.08]
1.7 Gabexate versus control	5	576	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.79 [0.48, 1.30]
1.8 Glucagon versus control	5	409	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.97 [0.51, 1.87]
1.9 Iniprol versus control	1	24	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.14 [0.01, 1.67]
1.10 Lexipafant versus control	3	423	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.55 [0.30, 1.01]
1.11 Octreotide versus control	5	927	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.76 [0.47, 1.23]
1.12 Probiotics versus control	2	358	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.70 [0.87, 3.30]
1.13 Activated protein C versus control	1	32	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	8.56 [0.41, 180.52]
1.14 Somatostatin versus control	6	493	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.57 [0.29, 1.10]
1.15 Somatostatin plus omeprazole versus control	1	140	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.23 [0.05, 1.11]
1.16 Somatostatin plus ulinastatin versus control	1	122	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.43 [0.15, 1.23]
1.17 Thymosin versus control	1	24	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
1.18 Ulinastatin versus control	1	132	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.45 [0.12, 1.72]
1.19 Gabexate versus aprotinin	2	298	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.62 [0.32, 1.20]
1.20 Glucagon versus aprotinin	1	134	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.33 [0.44, 4.08]
1.21 Glucagon versus atropine	1	150	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	4.17 [0.45, 38.21]
1.22 Octreotide plus ulinastatin versus octreotide	1	120	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.31 [0.06, 1.60]
1.23 Somatostatin plus gabexate versus somatostatin	1	252	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.93 [0.37, 2.33]
1.24 Somatostatin plus ulinastatin versus somatostatin	2	369	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.73 [0.34, 1.56]
1.25 Somatostatin plus ulinastatin plus gabexate versus somatostatin	1	238	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.61 [0.21, 1.74]
1.26 Somatostatin plus ulinastatin versus somatostatin plus gabexate	1	254	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.72 [0.26, 1.95]
1.27 Somatostatin plus ulinastatin plus gabexate versus somatostatin plus gabexate	1	246	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.65 [0.23, 1.86]
1.28 Somatostatin plus ulinastatin plus gabexate versus somatostatin plus ulinastatin	1	240	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.91 [0.30, 2.80]
2 Serious adverse events (proportion)	17		Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
2.1 Antibiotics versus control	5	304	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.65 [0.37, 1.15]
2.2 Antioxidants versus control	2	82	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.98 [0.48, 8.13]
2.3 EDTA versus control	1	64	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.52 [0.11, 2.39]
2.4 Gabexate versus control	2	201	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.31 [0.31, 5.60]
2.5 Glucagon versus control	2	127	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.29 [0.01, 7.46]
2.6 Octreotide versus control	1	58	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.73 [0.61, 4.93]
2.7 Somatostatin versus control	2	111	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.07 [0.35, 3.27]
2.8 Gabexate versus aprotinin	1	116	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.05 [0.22, 4.91]
2.9 Ulinastatin versus gabexate	1	62	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3 Serious adverse events (number)	37		Rate Ratio (Fixed, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
3.1 Antibiotics versus control	12	716	Rate Ratio (Fixed, 95% CI)	0.86 [0.68, 1.07]
3.2 Antioxidants versus control	2	71	Rate Ratio (Fixed, 95% CI)	0.22 [0.02, 2.21]
3.3 Aprotinin versus control	3	264	Rate Ratio (Fixed, 95% CI)	0.79 [0.49, 1.29]
3.4 Cimetidine versus control	1	60	Rate Ratio (Fixed, 95% CI)	1.0 [0.20, 4.95]
3.5 EDTA versus control	1	64	Rate Ratio (Fixed, 95% CI)	0.94 [0.19, 4.65]
3.6 Gabexate versus control	3	375	Rate Ratio (Fixed, 95% CI)	0.86 [0.64, 1.15]
3.7 Glucagon versus control	1	68	Rate Ratio (Fixed, 95% CI)	1.0 [0.02, 50.40]
3.8 Lexipafant versus control	1	290	Rate Ratio (Fixed, 95% CI)	0.67 [0.46, 0.96]
3.9 Octreotide versus control	4	770	Rate Ratio (Fixed, 95% CI)	0.74 [0.60, 0.89]
3.10 Probiotics versus control	3	397	Rate Ratio (Fixed, 95% CI)	0.94 [0.65, 1.36]
3.11 Somatostatin versus control	3	257	Rate Ratio (Fixed, 95% CI)	1.03 [0.66, 1.59]
3.12 Somatostatin plus omeprazole versus control	1	140	Rate Ratio (Fixed, 95% CI)	0.36 [0.19, 0.70]
3.13 Somatostatin plus ulinastatin versus control	1	122	Rate Ratio (Fixed, 95% CI)	0.30 [0.15, 0.60]
3.14 Glucagon versus atropine	1	150	Rate Ratio (Fixed, 95% CI)	0.33 [0.03, 3.20]
3.15 Octreotide plus ulinastatin versus octreotide	1	120	Rate Ratio (Fixed, 95% CI)	0.30 [0.17, 0.51]
3.16 Somatostatin plus ulinastatin versus somatostatin	1	123	Rate Ratio (Fixed, 95% CI)	0.28 [0.15, 0.56]
4 Organ failure	18		Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
4.1 Antibiotics versus control	5	258	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.78 [0.44, 1.38]
4.2 Antioxidants versus control	4	163	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.92 [0.39, 2.12]
4.3 Gabexate versus control	1	50	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.32 [0.01, 8.25]
4.4 Lexipafant versus control	2	340	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.68 [0.36, 1.27]
4.5 Octreotide versus control	2	430	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.51 [0.27, 0.97]
4.6 Probiotics versus control	2	358	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.80 [0.26, 2.47]
4.7 Ulinastatin versus control	1	129	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.27 [0.01, 6.67]
4.8 Somatostatin plus gabexate versus somatostatin	1	252	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.78 [0.33, 1.80]
4.9 Somatostatin plus ulinastatin versus somatostatin	1	246	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.58 [0.23, 1.45]
4.10 Somatostatin plus ulinastatin plus gabexate versus somatostatin	1	238	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.46 [0.17, 1.25]
4.11 Somatostatin plus ulinastatin versus somatostatin plus gabexate	1	254	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.75 [0.29, 1.92]
4.12 Somatostatin plus ulinastatin plus gabexate versus somatostatin plus gabexate	1	246	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.59 [0.21, 1.65]
4.13 Somatostatin plus ulinastatin plus gabexate versus somatostatin plus ulinastatin	1	240	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.79 [0.27, 2.35]
5 Infected pancreatic necrosis	15		Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
5.1 Antibiotics versus control	11	714	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.82 [0.53, 1.25]
5.2 Octreotide versus control	1	58	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.52 [0.04, 6.06]
5.3 Probiotics versus control	3	397	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.10 [0.62, 1.96]
6 Sepsis	11		Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
6.1 Antibiotics versus control	1	60	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.42 [0.11, 1.60]
6.2 Aprotinin versus control	2	103	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.84 [0.49, 6.96]
6.3 Gabexate versus control	3	373	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.10 [0.55, 2.19]
6.4 Lexipafant versus control	1	290	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.26 [0.08, 0.83]
6.5 Octreotide versus control	2	340	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.40 [0.05, 3.53]
6.6 Probiotics versus control	1	62	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.36 [0.10, 1.36]
6.7 Gabexate versus aprotinin	1	116	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.05 [0.22, 4.91]
7 Adverse events (proportion)	27		Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
7.1 Antibiotics versus control	6	429	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.51 [0.32, 0.80]
7.2 Antioxidants versus control	1	39	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
7.3 Calcitonin versus control	1	94	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.88 [0.12, 6.49]
7.4 EDTA versus control	1	64	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.79 [0.27, 2.31]
7.5 Gabexate versus control	3	373	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.83 [0.54, 1.27]
7.6 Glucagon versus control	2	127	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.09 [0.00, 1.69]
7.7 Lexipafant versus control	1	83	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.43 [0.16, 1.12]
7.8 Octreotide versus control	3	398	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.00 [0.65, 1.55]
7.9 Probiotics versus control	1	62	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.35 [0.12, 1.01]
7.10 Somatostatin versus control	2	111	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.44 [0.19, 1.02]
7.11 Somatostatin plus omeprazole versus control	1	140	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.00 [0.00, 0.04]
7.12 Gabexate versus aprotinin	2	298	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.41 [0.23, 0.70]
7.13 Ulinastatin versus gabexate	1	62	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
7.14 Ulinastatin versus octreotide	1	25	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	2.33 [0.46, 11.81]
7.15 Somatostatin plus gabexate versus somatostatin	1	252	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.93 [0.44, 1.95]
7.16 Somatostatin plus ulinastatin versus somatostatin	1	246	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.58 [0.25, 1.34]
7.17 Somatostatin plus ulinastatin plus gabexate versus somatostatin	1	238	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.49 [0.20, 1.20]
7.18 Somatostatin plus ulinastatin versus somatostatin plus gabexate	1	254	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.63 [0.27, 1.44]
7.19 Somatostatin plus ulinastatin plus gabexate versus somatostatin plus gabexate	1	246	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.53 [0.22, 1.28]
7.20 Somatostatin plus ulinastatin plus gabexate versus somatostatin plus ulinastatin	1	240	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.84 [0.32, 2.22]
8 Adverse events (number)	40		Rate Ratio (Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
8.1 Antibiotics versus control	12	755	Rate Ratio (Random, 95% CI)	0.75 [0.58, 0.95]
8.2 Antioxidants versus control	2	94	Rate Ratio (Random, 95% CI)	0.82 [0.38, 1.79]
8.3 Aprotinin versus control	3	264	Rate Ratio (Random, 95% CI)	0.98 [0.69, 1.39]
8.4 Calcitonin versus control	1	94	Rate Ratio (Random, 95% CI)	0.88 [0.12, 6.25]
8.5 Cimetidine versus control	1	60	Rate Ratio (Random, 95% CI)	1.14 [0.64, 2.02]
8.6 EDTA versus control	1	64	Rate Ratio (Random, 95% CI)	0.63 [0.28, 1.39]
8.7 Gabexate versus control	3	375	Rate Ratio (Random, 95% CI)	0.76 [0.61, 0.95]
8.8 Glucagon versus control	2	90	Rate Ratio (Random, 95% CI)	1.19 [0.51, 2.80]
8.9 Lexipafant versus control	1	290	Rate Ratio (Random, 95% CI)	0.61 [0.44, 0.85]
8.10 Octreotide versus control	4	634	Rate Ratio (Random, 95% CI)	0.78 [0.58, 1.05]
8.11 Probiotics versus control	3	397	Rate Ratio (Random, 95% CI)	0.84 [0.52, 1.36]
8.12 Somatostatin versus control	2	134	Rate Ratio (Random, 95% CI)	0.75 [0.26, 2.18]
8.13 Ulinastatin versus control	1	129	Rate Ratio (Random, 95% CI)	0.69 [0.32, 1.46]
8.14 Gabexate versus aprotinin	1	182	Rate Ratio (Random, 95% CI)	0.66 [0.38, 1.14]
8.15 Glucagon versus atropine	1	150	Rate Ratio (Random, 95% CI)	0.79 [0.36, 1.73]
8.16 Oxyphenonium versus glucagon	1	62	Rate Ratio (Random, 95% CI)	0.93 [0.65, 1.34]
8.17 Octreotide plus ulinastatin versus octreotide	1	120	Rate Ratio (Random, 95% CI)	0.29 [0.17, 0.48]
9 Requirement for additional invasive intervention	32		Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
9.1 Antibiotics versus control	14	884	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.82 [0.59, 1.13]
9.2 Aprotinin versus control	2	237	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.59 [0.23, 1.47]
9.3 Calcitonin versus control	2	125	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.30 [0.08, 1.16]
9.4 Cimetidine versus control	1	60	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.13 [0.01, 2.61]
9.5 EDTA versus control	1	64	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.68 [0.14, 3.29]
9.6 Gabexate versus control	3	426	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.58 [0.37, 0.90]
9.7 Glucagon versus control	2	260	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.26 [0.58, 2.77]
9.8 Octreotide versus control	3	854	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.76 [0.48, 1.21]
9.9 Probiotics versus control	2	358	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.50 [0.83, 2.71]
9.10 Somatostatin versus control	1	100	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.40 [0.11, 1.38]
9.11 Gabexate versus aprotinin	1	182	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.5 [0.19, 1.32]
9.12 Glucagon versus aprotinin	1	134	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.33 [0.44, 4.08]
9.13 Oxyphenonium versus glucagon	1	62	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.0 [0.13, 7.59]
10 Endoscopic or radiological drainage of collections	3		Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
10.1 Antibiotics versus control	1	23	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.33 [0.01, 9.07]
10.2 Octreotide versus control	1	372	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.89 [0.40, 1.96]
10.3 Probiotics versus control	1	39	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.94 [0.20, 4.44]