1. Attrition bias: Outcome level (GRADE‐relevant outcomes).
| Study |
No. randomised (Remifentanil/ control) |
No. analysed (Remifentanil/ control) |
Overall assessment for risk of attrition bias | Outcome level_Risk of bias | |||||
| Satisfaction with pain relief | AE for women | AE for newborns | Pain intensity | Additional analgesia | Rate of CS | ||||
| Balki 2007 | 10/ 10 |
10/ 10 |
Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Blair 2005 | 20/ 20 |
20/ 19 |
High | High | High | High | Unclear | Unclear | |
| Calderon 2006 | 12/ 12 |
12/ 12 |
Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | |
| Douma 2010 | 60/ 60/ 60 |
52/ 53/ 54 |
High | High | High | High | Low | Low | High |
| Douma 2011 | 14/ 12 |
10/ 10 |
High | High | Low | High | High | Low | Low |
| Douma 2015 | 57/ 59 |
49/ 49 |
High | High | High | High | Unclear | Unclear | High |
| El‐Kerdawy 2010 | 15/ 15 |
15/ 15 |
Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | |
| Evron 2005 | 43/ 45 |
43/ 45 |
Unclear | Low | High | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Evron 2008 | 213 NA/ NA/ NA/ NA |
192 44/ 50/ 49/ 49 |
Low | Low | Low | Low | |||
| Freeman 2015 | 709/ 705 |
687/ 671 |
High | High | High | High | High | High | High |
| Ismail 2012 | 380/ 380/ 380 |
380/ 380/ 380 |
Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | |
| Khooshideh 2015 | 41/ 41 |
41/ 41 |
Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | ||
| Ng 2011 | 34/ 34 |
34/ 34 |
Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Shen 2013 | 30/ 30 |
27/ 26 |
High | High | High | High | High | High | |
| Stocki 2014 | 20/ 20 |
19/ 20 |
Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Stourac 2014 | 13/ 15 |
12/ 12 |
High | High | High | Low | High | Low | |
| Thurlow 2002 | 18/ 18 |
18/ 18 |
Unclear | Low | Low | Low | High | High | |
| Tveit 2012 | 19/ 20 |
17/ 20 |
High | High | High | High | High | Low | High |
| Volikas 2001 | 9/ 8 |
9/ 8 |
Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | |
| Volmanen 2008 | 27/ 25 |
24/ 21 |
High | High | High | High | High | High | High |
Abbreviations:
AE: adverse events, CS: caesarean section