Kuusniemi 2013.
Methods |
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Participants | 1. 60 consecutive outpatients (ASA) physical status I–III, ages ranging between 18 and 60 years, scheduled for unilateral lower limb surgery, with spinal block being used as the sole anaesthetic without any intraoperative sedation were enrolled Exclusion criteria: previous history of intolerance to the study drug or related compounds and existing contraindications for spinal anaesthesia, patients with a body mass index (BMI) of 30 kg/m2, those with a history of alcoholism, drug abuse, or psychological or other emotional problems, patients who were pregnant or lactating Patients randomized to:
2. No patients were excluded from analysis 3. Main characteristics of patients:
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Interventions |
In both groups a 20 G introducer was applied |
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Outcomes | Primary outcome:
Secondary outcomes:
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Notes |
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Risk of bias | ||
Bias | Authors' judgement | Support for judgement |
Random sequence generation (selection bias) | Unclear risk | Insufficient information to score this item as low or high risk of bias. Quote: "using a sealed envelope technique, the patients were randomized to two groups". (page 225) |
Allocation concealment (selection bias) | Low risk | Quote: "using a sealed envelope technique, the patients were randomized to two groups" (page 225) |
Blinding of participants (performance bias) | Low risk | Quote: "patients, nurses, and the anesthetist performing the motor and sensory block assessments were blinded for the spinal needle type used". (page 225) |
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes | Unclear risk | Insufficient information to score this item as low or high risk of bias |
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes | Low risk | No patients were lost to follow‐up |
Selective reporting (reporting bias) | Low risk | All patient‐important outcomes were reported |
Other bias | Low risk | No other biases were identified |