Table 1. Growth parameters of the last (5th) larval instar (mean values±SE) of Ematurga atomaria, a lepidopteran with sexual dimorphism in pupal masses.

Variable	Female	Male	F1;1243	P	R2
Time to last instar (days)	18.17±0.070	17.58±0.065	36.95	<0.0001	0.071
Initial mass (mg)	29.18±0.15	25.30±0.11	475.65	<0.0001	0.25
Maximal mass (mg)	120.24±0.52	98.91±0.36	1503.01	<0.0001	0.37
Pupal mass (mg)	73.57±0.37	63.28±0.24	770.10	<0.0001	0.32
Development time (days)	11.46±0.066	10.10±0.059	335.23	<0.0001	0.18
Pupal mass/initial mass	2.55±0.014	2.52±0.011	3.35	0.068	0.15
Maximal mass/ initial mass	4.16±0.021	3.94±0.015	94.69	<0.0001	0.14
Maximal mass/ final mass	1.39±0.0038	1.37± 0.0032	38.10	<0.00011	0.051
Time to maximal mass (days)	9.75±0.058	8.67±0.052	247.77	<0.0001	0.18
Absolute mass increment, 2nd day (mg)	9.89±0.17	8.76±0.14	24.46	<0.0001	0.002
Absolute mass increment, 3rd day (mg)	11.84±0.19	10.43±0.17	33.06	<0.0001	0.007
Absolute mass increment,4th day (mg)	12.58±0.22	11.37±0.19	17.99	<0.0001	0.0056
Absolute mass increment, 5th day (mg)	12.03±0.23	10.68±0.21	21.83	<0.0001	0.0034
Absolute mass increment, 6th day (mg)	12.61±0.25	10.92±0.22	0.98	0.322	0.0081
Absolute mass increment, 7th day (mg)	11.19±0.26	9.05±0.25	8.40	0.003	0.0037
Absolute mass increment, 8th day (mg)	8.68±0.26	5.14±0.28	17.28	<0.0001	0.013
Absolute mass increment, 9th day (mg)	4.13±0.33	-1.65±0.38	135.96	<0.0001	0.045

Presenting daily absolute mass increments illustrates how growth slows down when the larva approaches pupation, this happens earlier in males than in females. Sexes are compared using mixed analysis of variance with food plant as an additional fixed factor and brood (offspring of an individual female) as a random factor, type III sum of squares. Effect size of sex is visualised by presenting factor-specific R² values. Analysing the data separately by host plants did not lead to qualitatively different results.