Table 1:
Included studies of MBIs for SUD
| Citation | Primary and Secondary Outcomes | Design | Sample | Acceptability Measured |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amaro et al. [8] | Feasibility, acceptability, substance use, perceived stress, and trauma symptomology | MBRP-W nine-session (1.5–2 h per session weekly), 1–2 trained facilitators per groups of 8 to 15 women, adjunct to SUD treatment; Class 7 is a 4-h silent retreat; meditation techniques, yoga, self-regulation strategies | N = 318; 45.3% Hispanic, 34.6% non-Hispanic Black, 20.1% non-Hispanic White and other; Mage = 33.9 | Yes |
| Bowen & Kurz [31] | Changes in levels of mindfulness following MBRP | Weekly 2-h sessions with 6–10 participants | N = 93; 63% Caucasian; Mage = 40.84; 36% female; adults attending SUD inpatient treatment | No |
| Bowen et al. [18] | Feasibility and initial efficacy substance use outcomes, craving, mindfulness, and acceptance | MBRP intervention with weekly 2-h sessions with 6– 10 participants; TAU: 1–2 times weekly for 1.5 h | N = 168; Mage = 40.5; 36.3% female; adults attending SUD inpatient treatment | Yes |
| Bowen et al. [28] | Satisfaction, depression, anxiety, craving, symptoms of posttraumatic stress, and experiential avoidance | Adapted MBRP curriculum, 1x week for 6 weeks, 2 h per session; mixed-methods study (focus groups and questionnaires, surveys) | N = 15; adults from methadone clinic; Mage= 43.8; 67% female; 93% Caucasian | Yes |
| Bowen et al. [15] | Substance use relapse | MBRP and CBRP matched for dosage (8 weekly 2 h sessions), size (6–10 participants), location, and scope of homework; TAU not matched (1–2 weekly for 1.5 h); MBRP: formal MBSR, MBCT practices with integration of evidence-based practices to decrease relapse for people with SUD | N = 286; Mage = 39 for MBRP and RP, 37 for TAU; 26% 36%, and 27% female adults attending inpatient care for SUD, respectively | No |
| Enkema & Bowen [32] | Relationship between craving and substance use, moderated by practice | MBRP (8 weekly 2 h sessions, 6–10 participants), location, and scope of homework (1–2 weekly for 1.5 h) | N = 57; Mage = 38; 77.2% male; 63.16% White | No |
| Glasner et al. [11] | Stimulant use, negative affect, psychiatric severity | MBRP (n = 31) or HE (n = 32) concurrent with CM following a 4-week CM-only phase | N = 63; Mage = 45.3; 71.4% male | No |
| Glasner-Edwards et al. [33] | Stimulant use, depression, anxiety, psychiatric severity | Pilot RCT, 12-week contingency management intervention; at Week 4: randomized to MBRP or HE, measurements during intervention and 1-month posttreatment | N = 63 (MBRP = 31, HE = 32); Mage = 45.3; 71.4% male; 44.4% African American; all participants stimulant dependent | No |
| Greenfrield et al. [39] | Days of drug use and heavy drinking | MBRP (8 weekly 2 h sessions, 6–10 participants), location, and scope of homework (1–2 weekly for 1.5 h) | N = 191; Mage = 39.04; 71% male; 22 therapy groups | No |
| Grow et al. [40] | Development of mindfulness meditation home practice during and after MBRP in relation to drug use and craving | Secondary analysis from larger MBRP RCT (8 weekly 2 h sessions, 6–10 participants); TAU: 1–2 weekly for 1.5 h | N = 93; Mage = 40.84; 64.5% male; 63.4% White | No |
| Lee et al. [41] | Effectiveness of MBRP psychosocial outcomes drug use, drug avoidance, depression | RCT with 2 (baseline vs postsession) × 2 (MBRP vs. TAU) mixed design; TAU: substance use education; 10-wk MBRP, weekly meetings 1.5 h | N = 24; all male; Mage = 40.70; MBRP (n = 10); TAU (n = 14); all Taiwanese | No |
| Roos et al. [13] | Baseline SUD symptom severity patterns, depression, anxiety as moderated by MBRP, or comparison group | Latent class moderation using data from Bowen’s RCTs [15,18] | 2014: MBRP vs. TAU (N = 286; 71.8% male; Mage = 38.44); 2009: MBRP vs. TAU (N = 168; 63.7% female; Mage = 40.45) | No |
| Witkiewitz & Bowen [34] | Depressive symptoms, craving at 2-months posttest, and days of substance use | MBRP (8 weekly 2 h sessions, 6–10 participants); TAU: 1–2 weekly for 1.5 h; MBRP (adapted from MBSR) has themes of meditation practices and related RP discussions and exercises | N = 168; Mage = 40.5; 36.3% female adults attending SUD inpatient treatment | No |
| Witkiewitz et al. [16] | Mechanisms associated with MBRP that may reduce craving | MBRP RCT; Bowen [18] | N = 168; 63.7% male; Mage = 40.5; 51.8% Caucasian | No |
| Witkiewitz et al. [29] | Drug use and addiction severity | RCT of MBRP and RP for SUD; 50-minute sessions 2x weekly for 8 weeks | N = 70; all adult women in residential treatment for criminal offenders | Yes |
| Witkiewitz et al. [30] | Primary: days of substance use and substance use outcomes; secondary: family and social problems, medical problems, legal problems, psychiatric symptoms | RCT of MBRP and RP for SUD; 50-minute sessions 2x weekly for 8 weeks | N = 105; adult female population in residential treatment for criminal offenders | No |
| Zemestani & Ottaviani [42] | Cravings, depressive symptoms, anxious symptoms | MBRP and TAU matched for dose; 8 weekly, 2 h sessions | N = 74; Mage = 30.1; 79.7% male; Iranian | No |
CBRP = cognitive-based relapse prevention; HE = health education; Mage = mean age; MBIs = mindfulness-based intervention; MBRP = mindfulness-based relapse prevention; MBRP-W = mindfulness-based relapse prevention for women; N = number of participants; RCT = randomized controlled trial; RP = relapse prevention; SD = standard deviation; SUD = substance use disorder; TAU = treatment as usual.