Box 2.
Interventions used in the studies
| Intervention used | Description of intervention | Applicable articles |
|---|---|---|
| CDSMP | Developed by Lorig and colleagues at Stanford University, the CDSMP29 is based on Bandura’s self-efficacy theory.5 It is a manual-driven programme30 and incorporates strategies to enhance self-efficacy. It is designed to be delivered by lay leaders, but many programmes are delivered by healthcare professionals. | Elzen,16 Jonker,17 Kendall,18 Lindroth,19 Smeulders20 |
| OAK | This is a disease-specific self-management programme based on social cognitive theory.31 It is designed to be delivered by healthcare practitioners with a specified minimum level of musculoskeletal education. | Coleman15 |
| Asthma Self-Management Programme | Based on behavioural and social learning theory32 and the programme is designed by Creer, Reynolds, and Kotses.14 | Berg14 |
| Group CBT | A structured psychotherapy that involves dealing with a participant’s beliefs in order to change the way they think and react to the things happening around them, used in a group setting. | Henry,27 Leibing,22 Ruesch28 |
| Mind–body wellness intervention | A multicomponent intervention. These can include instruction on the mind–body connection; relaxation training; CBT; problem solving; communication; and information on nutrition and exercise. | Rybarczyk23 |
| Vitality Training Programme | A mindfulness-based programme. It includes guided imagery, relaxation, use of music and art, and group discussion. | Zangi24 |
| Group care model | Not based on a particular theory or approach, this includes education, group discussion, and the opportunity for one-to-one meetings with the physician. | Scott26 |
| Group counselling | Not based on a particular theory or approach, a disease-specific self-management intervention that utilises coaching in self-management skills and problem solving, underpinned by behaviour change techniques such as self-monitoring and cognitive restructuring. | Grady25 |
CBT = cognitive behavioural therapy. CDSMP = Chronic Disease Self-Management Programme. OAK = Osteoarthritis of the Knee Self-Management Programme.