Table 3.
Descriptive statistics and univariate condition effects for fathers at post-intervention and 6-month follow-up
| Measure | DDDG (N = 27) | SET (N = 31) | Condition effects | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-intervention | Post-intervention | 6-month follow-up | Pre-intervention | Post-intervention | 6-month follow-up | Post-intervention | 6-month follow-up | |||||
| M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | F | p | d (95% CI) | F | p | d (95% CI) | |
| Child outcomes | ||||||||||||
| ECBI intensity | 134.89 (26.89) | 118.59 (23.62) | 113.51 (17.22) | 142.81 (29.87) | 114.48 (27.16) | 113.51 (25.83) | 1.03 | 0.320 | 0.42 (− 0.10, 0.93) | 0.12 | 0.742 | 0.27 (− 0.24, 0.79) |
| ECBI problem | 16.37 (6.64) | 14.93 (7.17) | 12.70 (5.39) | 18.14 (7.80) | 11.28 (6.51) | 10.29 (7.82) | 5.89 | 0.019 | 0.73 (0.21, 1.26) | 2.81 | 0.107 | 0.57 (0.05, 1.09) |
| SDQ total difficulties | 12.52 (5.24) | 11.15 (4.65) | 10.68 (3.49) | 14.79 (6.21) | 12.49 (4.84) | 12.31 (5.50) | 0.62 | 0.461 | 0.16 (− 0.35, 0.67) | 0.51 | 0.501 | 0.11 (− 0.40, 0.62) |
| PDR weekdaya | 8.73 (4.81) | 9.38 (4.29) | 8.24 (4.05) | 10.90 (6.83) | 6.70 (3.92) | 6.16 (3.83) | 7.23 | 0.010 | 0.79 (0.26, 1.33) | 5.62 | 0.025 | 0.70 (0.16, 1.23) |
| PDR weekend dayb | 8.78 (4.72) | 8.98 (5.15) | 8.33 (4.12) | 10.17 (6.58) | 7.55 (4.16) | 6.81 (3.62) | 1.88 | 0.178 | 0.48 (− 0.04, 1.00) | 3.35 | 0.076 | 0.49 (− 0.03, 1.02) |
| Parenting outcomes | ||||||||||||
| PS total | 3.33 (0.54) | 2.96 (0.55) | 2.99 (0.64) | 3.32 (0.73) | 2.83 (0.72) | 2.78 (0.63) | 0.85 | 0.373 | 0.18 (− 0.33, 0.69) | 2.10 | 0.159 | 0.30 (− 0.21, 0.82) |
| PTC behavioral | 74.28 (21.08) | 80.38 (12.94) | 83.72 (11.20) | 68.38 (22.30) | 82.90 (12.91) | 85.04 (12.44) | 1.76 | 0.190 | 0.38 (− 0.13, 0.90) | 1.32 | 0.258 | 0.33 (− 0.18, 0.84) |
| PTC setting | 86.84 (9.45) | 90.03 (6.84) | 89.81 (6.82) | 82.50 (11.65) | 86.99 (9.05) | 90.17 (9.01) | 0.69 | 0.413 | 0.12 (− 0.39, 0.63) | 2.36 | 0.131 | 0.43 (− 0.08, 0.95) |
| PES parenting experience | 17.07 (3.85) | 18.36 (2.34) | 18.15 (2.77) | 15.81 (3.39) | 18.03 (2.81) | 18.00 (2.19) | 0.06 | 0.847 | 0.25 (− 0.26, 0.77) | 0.71 | 0.483 | 0.30 (− 0.21, 0.82) |
| PPC extentb | 32.19 (16.19) | 28.21 (12.06) | 26.23 (8.28) | 38.19 (18.92) | 30.33 (14.05) | 34.14 (15.43) | 0.02 | 0.885 | 0.22 (− 0.30, 0.73) | 3.85 | 0.055 | − 0.11 (− 0.62, 0.41) |
| PPC problemb | 5.35 (3.90) | 4.43 (3.37) | 3.52 (2.81) | 5.97 (4.13) | 4.63 (3.51) | 4.80 (3.67) | 0.04 | 0.866 | 0.10 (− 0.41, 0.62) | 1.79 | 0.204 | − 0.16 (− 0.68, 0.35) |
| Mental health | ||||||||||||
| DASS− 21 | 7.59 (6.79) | 7.44 (5.90) | 7.37 (4.97) | 11.73 (10.10) | 8.72 (7.95) | 9.73 (9.19) | 0.12 | 0.796 | 0.32 (− 0.19, 0.84) | 0.19 | 0.679 | 0.20 (− 0.31, 0.71) |
| Partner relationship | ||||||||||||
| PES partner supportc | 10.74 (2.70) | 11.78 (1.69) | 11.90 (1.68) | 10.53 (2.49) | 11.04 (2.61) | 11.24 (2.59) | 1.60 | 0.222 | − 0.20 (− 0.72, 0.32) | 1.38 | 0.285 | − 0.17 (− 0.69, 0.34) |
| RQIb | 33.62 (8.47) | 36.25 (5.39) | 35.01 (6.23) | 33.41 (8.69) | 34.46 (8.28) | 33.19 (9.84) | 1.22 | 0.303 | − 0.18 (− 0.70, 0.33) | 0.75 | 0.412 | − 0.18 (− 0.70, 0.33) |
F = univariate effect for condition, significant p values are bolded; d = effect size for condition; d 0.20 ≤ 0.49 = small, d 0.50 ≤ 0.79 = medium, d ≥ 0.80 = large
an = 25 for the DDDG condition, n = 31 for the SET condition
bn = 26 for the DDDG condition, n = 31 for the SET condition
cn = 26 for the DDDG condition, n = 30–31 for the SET condition