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. 2019 Apr 17;13:359. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00359

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Copyright © 2019 Zenz, Jačan, Reichmann, Farzi and Holzer.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Hypothalamic cytokine mRNA expression of (A) IFN-γ, (B) TNF-α, (C) IL-6, and (D) IL-1β is elevated by peripheral Poly(I:C). Mice were kept on an ad libitum feeding regimen (AL) or deprived of food on every other day (IF) for 9 days. On day 10, mice were injected i.p. with vehicle (VEH) or Poly(I:C) (12 mg/kg) and 4 h later brains were extracted to evaluate hypothalamic cytokine mRNA expression. Values represent means ± SEM, (A–D) n = 7–8. Results of two-way ANOVA: F(1, 26) = 0.6824, p = 0.4163 for interaction of feeding regimen/Poly(I:C) in IFN-γ mRNA; F(1, 26) = 0.4720, p = 0.4982 for main effect of feeding on IFN-γ mRNA; F(1, 26) = 60.30, p ≤ 0.0001 for main effect of Poly(I:C) on IFN-γ mRNA; F(1, 25) = 0.3376, p = 0.5664 for interaction of feeding regimen/Poly(I:C) in TNF-α mRNA; F(1, 25) = 0.2003, p = 0.6583 for main effect of feeding on TNF-α mRNA; F(1, 25) = 70.09, p ≤ 0.0001 for main effect of Poly(I:C) on TNF-α mRNA; F(1, 26) = 0.9556, p = 0.3373 for interaction of feeding regimen/Poly(I:C) in IL-6 mRNA; F(1, 26) = 1.510, p = 0.2301 for main effect of feeding on IL-6 mRNA; F(1, 26) = 31.27, p ≤ 0.0001 for main effect of Poly(I:C) on IL-6 mRNA; F(1, 26) = 1.401, p = 0.2473 for interaction of feeding regimen/Poly(I:C) in IL-1β mRNA; F(1, 26) = 0.8909, p = 0.3539 for main effect of feeding on IL-1β mRNA; F(1, 26) = 25.39, p ≤ 0.0001 for main effect of Poly(I:C) on IL-1β mRNA. Results of Sidak’s multiple comparison test: ^∗p ≤ 0.05, ^∗∗p ≤ 0.01, ^∗∗∗p ≤ 0.001, ^∗∗∗∗p ≤ 0.0001 compared to AL/VEH.