Table 1.

Findings from human studies demonstrating an impact of DAergic dysfunction on PTSD.

Dopaminergic dysfunction	Description	References
↑ Urinary DA levels	↑ Severity of PTSD symptoms (especially intrusion symptoms) CRITERION B	Yehuda et al., 1992
VNTR DAT SLC6A3 3′ polymorphism	Excess of nine repeat allele in PTSD patients	Segman et al., 2002
VNTR DRD4 exon III polymorphism	↑ Severity of PTSD symptoms on the Avoidance/Numbing scale. CRITERION C	Dragan and Oniszczenko, 2009
VNTR DAT SLC6A3 3′ polymorphism	↑ Arousal symptoms CRITERION E	Drury et al., 2009
COMT Val158Met polymorphism	↑ Risk of PTSD in Met/Met homozygotes	Kolassa et al., 2010
COMT Val158Met polymorphism	Attenuation of the effect of PTSD-related processes on right anterior cingulate cortex volume	Schulz-Heik et al., 2011
↑ DAT density	↑ Striatal DAT density in PTSD patients	Hoexter et al., 2012
COMT Val158Met polymorphism	↑ Fear to safety signal and impaired fear extinction in PTSD Met/Met homozygotes as compared to Val allele carrier CRITERION B	Norrholm et al., 2013
DRD3 single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs2134655, rs201252087, rs4646996, and rs9868039)	The minor alleles give resilience against PTSD	Wolf et al., 2014
COMT Val158Met polymorphism	Smaller left hippocampus in PTSD Val/Val homozygotes as compared to Met allele carriers	Hayes et al., 2017
COMT Val158Met polymorphism	Childhood trauma-dependent association between the Met/Met genotype and fear inhibition/extinction deficit CRITERION B	Deslauriers et al., 2018
COMT Val158Met polymorphism	Better working memory and executive functions in PTSD Met carriers as compared to Val/Val homozygotes CRITERION D	Havelka Mestrovic et al., 2018