Table 1.
Characteristics of Included Studies.
| Author (Year) | Country | Study Design | Sample Description | Intervention/Comparison | Relevant Outcomes & Follow-Up | Mean Age (Years) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Calhoun & Ford (2007)29 | USA | Crossover pilot RCT | Adult females (n = 43) with chronic migraine. No primary sleep disorder. | 1 session BSM/sham behavioural interventiona | Headache frequency, HA intensity, reversion to episodic migraine. Follow-up at 6, 12, 18 weeks post-treatment. | BSM: 33.5, Placebo: 35 |
| Ruff et al. (2009)28 | USA | Single-arm Pre-post | Adult male and female veterans (n = 126, Female = 7%) with blast induced mTBI and TTH, migraine or mixed HA. | 1 session sleep hygiene and oral Rx Prazosin/no control group | HA frequency, HA intensity, sleepiness. Follow-up at 9 weeks, 6 months post-treatment. | Single arm intervention: 29.4 |
| Smitherman et al. (2016)30 | USA | Parallel-arm pilot RCT | Adult males and females (n = 32, Female = 90.3%) with chronic migraine and comorbid insomnia. | 3 session CBT-i/sham behavioural interventiona | HA frequency, HA related disability, sleep efficiency, total sleep time, sleep quality, psychiatric Sx. Follow-up at 2, 6 weeks post-treatment. | CBT-i: 29.6, Placebo: 32.1 |
| Law et al. (2018)31 | USA | Single-arm Pre-post | Adolescent males and females (n = 21, Female = 81%) with chronic migraine or chronic TTH | 6 session hybrid CBT-ib | HA frequency, HA intensity, pain related disability, insomnia Sx, sleep quality, sleep hygiene, total-sleep-time. Follow-up immediately post-treatment and 3-months post-treatment | Single-arm intervention: 15.5 |
Abbreviations: BSM, behavioural sleep modification; CBT-i, cognitive behaviour therapy for insomnia; HA, headache; mTBI, mild traumatic brain injury; RCT, randomised controlled trial; Rx, prescribed medication; Sx, symptoms; TTH, tension-type headache.
aSham behavioural intervention included consistent suppertime, performing acupressure, recording liquid consumption, range of motion exercises, consuming protein at breakfast. bHybrid CBT-i intervention blends CBT-i techniques with CBT techniques to target pain.