Table 2.
Effect of cohort on relative abundances (%) of the aggregate 28 bacterial genera in infant feces.
| Genus | Ethiopia rural | Ethiopia urban | The Gambia rural | The Gambia urban | Ghana | Kenya | Peru | Spain | Sweden | US California | US Washington |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n =40 | n = 32 | n =38 | n = 38 | n =32 | n = 42 | n =42 | n = 37 | n =23 | n = 12 | n =41 | |
| Streptococcus1 | 18.2 ± 2.4bc | 16.0 ± 2.4bc | 27.7 ± 3.1ab | 33.6 ± 3.4a | 12.3 ± 2.0c | 16.5 ± 2.2bc | 15.7 ± 2.1bc | 12.5 ± 1.9c | 9.0 ± 1.8c | 7.1 ± 2.0c | 12.1 ± 1.8c |
| Escherichia/Shigella1 | 19.0 ± 2.7ab | 22.0 ± 3.3a | 13.5 ± 2.1ab | 13.6 ± 2.1ab | 17.5 ± 2.8ab | 19.0 ± 2.7ab | 19.9 ± 2.7a | 16.7 ± 2.6ab | 12.0 ± 2.4ab | 9.2 ± 2.6ab | 10.0 ± 1.6b |
| Veillonella1 | 13.7 ± 2.0a | 9.8 ± 1.7ab | 13.2 ± 2.1a | 11.9 ± 1.9ab | 5.6 ± 1.0b | 14.3 ± 2.0a | 14.3 ± 2.1a | 13.6 ± 2.1a | 10.9 ± 2.2ab | 12.4 ± 3.3ab | 9.6 ± 1.5ab |
| Bifidobacterium1 | 8.7 ± 1.4b | 10.5 ± 1.9ab | 15.1 ± 2.4ab | 16.0 ± 2.5ab | 19.9 ± 3.1a | 9.9 ± 1.6ab | 9.3 ± 1.5b | 11.7 ± 2.0ab | 9.5 ± 2.0ab | 5.6 ± 1.7b | 10.2 ± 1.6ab |
| Bacteroides1 | 9.6 ± 1.7ab | 9.4 ± 1.8ab | 7.7 ± 1.4b | 7.3 ± 1.3b | 9.6 ± 1.8ab | 8.8 ± 1.5b | 10.8 ± 1.8ab | 12.0 ± 2.1ab | 15.2 ± 3.2ab | 13.4 ± 3.8ab | 18.1 ± 2.8a |
| Lactobacillus1 | 15.2 ± 2.3a | 10.6 ± 1.9ab | 14.7 ± 2.3a | 9.3 ± 1.6ab | 12.8 ± 2.2ac | 12.5 ± 1.9ac | 5.8 ± 1.0b | 5.1 ± 0.9b | 4.6 ± 1.0b | 4.5 ± 1.3bc | 5.6 ± 1.0b |
| Clostridium sensu stricto 11 | 3.2 ± 0.6ab | 3.0 ± 0.6ab | 2.8 ± 0.6ab | 2.5 ± 0.5b | 3.0 ± 0.6ab | 2.8 ± 0.5ab | 3.0 ± 0.6ab | 3.7 ± 0.7ab | 6.1 ± 1.4a | 5.9 ± 1.8ab | 4.1 ± 0.8ab |
| Lachnoclostridium | 2.4 ± 0.5 | 2.7 ± 0.6 | 2.2 ± 0.4 | 2.4 ± 0.5 | 2.3 ± 0.5 | 2.9 ± 0.6 | 3.3 ± 0.6 | 2.7 ± 0.6 | 2.8 ± 0.7 | 2.1 ± 0.7 | 3.8 ± 0.7 |
| Klebsiella | 1.8 ± 0.4 | 2.6 ± 0.5 | 2.3 ± 0.5 | 3.4 ± 0.7 | 2.7 ± 0.6 | 2.5 ± 0.5 | 3.3 ± 0.6 | 2.2 ± 0.4 | 2.7 ± 0.6 | 2.8 ± 0.9 | 1.9 ± 0.4 |
| Parabacteroides | 2.1 ± 0.4 | 2.3 ± 0.5 | 2.1 ± 0.4 | 2.1 ± 0.4 | 2.1 ± 0.5 | 2.0 ± 0.4 | 2.0 ± 0.4 | 2.4 ± 0.5 | 3.6 ± 0.9 | 2.4 ± 0.7 | 2.1 ± 0.4 |
| Enterococcus1 | 1.4 ± 0.3b | 1.2 ± 0.3b | 1.2 ± 0.2b | 1.5 ± 0.3ab | 3.1 ± 0.6a | 1.1 ± 0.2b | 1.3 ± 0.2b | 1.5 ± 0.3ab | 1.3 ± 0.3ab | 1.0 ± 0.3b | 1.4 ± 0.3b |
| Enterobacter | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 1.7 ± 0.4 | 1.6 ± 0.4 | 1.8 ± 0.5 | 1.8 ± 0.4 |
| Megasphaera | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 1.5 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 1.0 ± 0.3 | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 1.0 ± 0.2 |
| Staphylococcus | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.1 |
| Prevotella 9 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 0.8 ± 0.2 |
| Erysipelatoclostridium | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.6 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.2 |
| Rothia | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 |
| Citrobacter | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.1 |
| Akkermansia | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 |
| Campylobacter | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.2 |
| Lactococcus | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 |
| Gemella | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 |
| Tyzzerella 4 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 |
| Blautia | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 |
| Paucisalibacillus | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.2 | 0.5 ± 0.1 |
| Leuconostoc | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.0 |
| Acinetobacter | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.0 |
| Acetobacter | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 |
Values are model estimates based on a beta distribution and represent means ± SEM.
1
Effect of cohort (P ≤ 0.05) as determined by one-way ANOVA; values sharing a letter are not different from each other (P > 0.05).