. 2019 Apr 17;6:45. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00045

Table 4.

Effect of cohort on microbial diversity indices (rarefied to 1000 reads) of infant feces and milk. Values are model estimates and, except for Shannon diversity which was normally distributed, were back transformed from estimated log values.

Index	Ethiopia rural	Ethiopia urban	The Gambia rural	The Gambia urban	Ghana	Kenya	Peru	Spain	Sweden	US California	US Washington
Infant Feces	n = 40	n = 32	n = 38	n = 38	n = 32	n = 42	n = 42	n = 37	n = 23	n = 12	n = 41
Richness¹	36 ± 1^abc	31 ± 1^bc	37 ± 1^abc	38 ± 1^ab	32 ± 1^bc	42 ± 1^a	32 ± 1^bc	30 ± 1^c	35 ± 1^abc	20 ± 1^d	34 ± 1^abc
Shannon diversity¹	2.51 ± 1.04^abc	2.55 ± 1.04^ac	2.62 ± 1.04^ac	2.60 ± 1.04^ac	2.08 ± 1.04^b	2.76 ± 1.04^a	2.48 ± 1.04^abc	2.36 ± 1.04^abc	2.51 ± 1.05^abc	1.95 ± 1.07^bc	2.37 ± 1.04^abc
Inverse Simpson diversity¹	7.94 ± 1.09^a	8.64 ± 1.10^a	8.88 ± 1.09^a	8.38 ± 1.09^a	5.04 ± 1.10^b	10.14 ± 1.09^a	7.82 ± 1.09^a	7.18 ± 1.09^ab	8.22 ± 1.12^ab	5.67 ± 1.17^ab	7.25 ± 1.09^ab
Fisher diversity¹	7.42 ± 1.06^abc	6.20 ± 1.07^bc	7.52 ± 1.06^abc	7.97 ± 1.06^ab	6.42 ± 1.07^bc	8.96 ± 1.06^a	6.35 ± 1.06^bc	5.78 ± 1.06^c	7.02 ± 1.08^abc	3.65 ± 1.12^d	6.83 ± 1.06^abc
Milk	n = 40	n = 34	n = 39	n = 38	n = 37	n = 42	n = 43	n = 40	n = 23	n = 19	n = 39
Richness¹	85 ± 1^a	52 ± 1^b	57 ± 1^ab	56 ± 1^ab	21 ± 1^d	59 ± 1^ab	42 ± 1^bc	39 ± 1^bc	36 ± 1^bc	28 ± 1^cd	44 ± 1^bc
Shannon diversity¹	3.16 ± 0.13^a	2.90 ± 0.14^abc	3.09 ± 0.13^ab	3.11 ± 0.13^ab	2.05 ± 0.13^d	2.96 ± 0.12^abc	2.50 ± 0.12^cd	2.52 ± 0.13^bcd	2.34 ± 0.16^cd	2.33 ± 0.18^cd	2.67 ± 0.13^abc
Inverse Simpson diversity¹	10.32 ± 1.13^ab	9.70 ± 1.14^abc	11.44 ± 1.13^ad	12.08 ± 1.13^a	5.44 ± 1.13^c	9.36 ± 1.12^abc	6.49 ± 1.12^bcd	7.08 ± 1.13a^abc	5.46 ± 1.17^bc	6.22 ± 1.19^abc	7.95 ± 1.13^abc
Fisher diversity¹	22.71 ± 1.12^a	11.84 ± 1.14^bc	13.47 ± 1.13^abc	12.98 ± 1.13^abc	3.93 ± 1.13^e	14.00 ± 1.12^ab	8.87 ± 1.12^bcd	8.07 ± 1.12^cd	7.40 ± 1.16^cde	5.30 ± 1.19^de	9.47 ± 1.13^bcd

Values represent means ± SEM.

Effect of cohort (P ≤ 0.05) as determined by one-way ANOVA; values sharing a letter are not different from each other (P > 0.05).