Table 5.
Genus | Ethiopia rural | Ethiopia urban | The Gambia rural | The Gambia urban | Ghana | Kenya | Peru | Spain | Sweden | US California | US Washington |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 40 | n = 34 | n = 39 | n = 38 | n = 37 | n = 42 | n = 43 | n = 40 | n = 23 | n = 19 | n = 39 | |
Streptococcus1 | 15.3 ± 2.2cd | 25.9 ± 3.5bc | 29.5 ± 3.5b | 26.0 ± 3.3bc | 8.7 ± 1.4d | 31.5 ± 3.5b | 49.6 ± 3.9ae | 36.5 ± 3.8ab | 29.5 ± 4.5bce | 25.7 ± 4.6bc | 26.5 ± 3.3bc |
Staphylococcus1 | 21.5 ± 3.0abc | 34.2 ± 4.3ab | 17.5 ± 2.6c | 20.5 ± 3.0bc | 20.6 ± 3.0abc | 27.7 ± 3.4abc | 29.6 ± 3.5abc | 27.3 ± 3.5abc | 40.7 ± 5.6a | 26.0 ± 4.9abc | 30.4 ± 3.8abc |
Corynebacterium 11 | 11.0 ± 1.5a | 8.8 ± 1.4abf | 4.8 ± 0.8bcd | 5.5 ± 0.9bc | 1.8 ± 0.3e | 4.8 ± 0.8bcd | 4.2 ± 0.7cd | 2.5 ± 0.4de | 3.9 ± 0.8cdef | 3.2 ± 0.8cde | 4.1 ± 0.7cd |
Propionibacterium1 | 3.0 ± 0.5ab | 4.4 ± 0.8a | 3.8 ± 0.7ab | 3.6 ± 0.7ab | 2.0 ± 0.4b | 5.8 ± 0.9a | 4.1 ± 0.7ab | 4.3 ± 0.7a | 6.6 ± 1.3a | 3.7 ± 2.3ab | 5.6 ± 0.9a |
Rhizobium1 | 22.5 ± 2.2a | 1.3 ± 0.3b | 1.5 ± 0.3b | 1.5 ± 0.3b | 1.2 ± 0.2b | 1.2 ± 0.2b | 1.3 ± 0.2b | 1.4 ± 0.3b | 1.2 ± 0.3b | 1.4 ± 0.4b | 1.4 ± 0.3b |
Lactobacillus | 7.0 ± 1.3 | 4.7 ± 0.9 | 4.3 ± 0.8 | 4.3 ± 0.8 | 8.3 ± 1.5 | 6.7 ± 1.2 | 4.1 ± 0.8 | 4.1 ± 0.8 | 4.3 ± 1.0 | 3.7 ± 0.9 | 3.8 ± 0.7 |
Dyella1 | 0.9 ± 0.2d | 1.8 ± 0.3bcd | 3.6 ± 0.6ab | 3.6 ± 0.6ab | 1.2 ± 0.2d | 2.9 ± 0.5bc | 2.7 ± 0.4bc | 2.6 ± 0.4bc | 2.0 ± 0.4bcd | 1.3 ± 0.3cd | 6.4 ± 0.9a |
Rothia1 | 1.7 ± 0.3ab | 3.0 ± 0.6a | 3.5 ± 0.6a | 3.1 ± 0.6a | 1.3 ± 0.3b | 2.4 ± 0.4ab | 3.3 ± 0.6a | 3.1 ± 0.5a | 2.0 ± 0.5ab | 2.1 ± 0.5ab | 2.9 ± 0.5a |
Kocuria1 | 4.4 ± 0.7a | 3.3 ± 0.6ab | 1.6 ± 0.3bc | 2.3 ± 0.4abc | 1.1 ± 0.2c | 2.2 ± 0.4abc | 1.2 ± 0.2c | 1.2 ± 0.2c | 1.1 ± 0.3c | 1.0 ± 0.3c | 1.1 ± 0.2c |
Veillonella1 | 2.0 ± 0.4ab | 1.2 ± 0.2b | 1.1 ± 0.2b | 1.1 ± 0.2b | 1.3 ± 0.2b | 1.6 ± 0.3ab | 2.8 ± 0.5a | 1.4 ± 0.3ab | 1.7 ± 0.4ab | 1.8 ± 0.4ab | 1.3 ± 0.2b |
Bifidobacterium1 | 2.5 ± 0.4a | 2.4 ± 0.4ac | 1.6 ± 0.3ab | 1.3 ± 0.2ab | 1.4 ± 0.3ab | 1.3 ± 0.2ab | 1.0 ± 0.2b | 1.0 ± 0.2b | 1.0 ± 0.2bc | 0.8 ± 0.2b | 0.9 ± 0.2b |
Acinetobacter1 | 3.3 ± 0.6ac | 1.7 ± 0.3ab | 1.6 ± 0.3ab | 1.5 ± 0.3b | 1.0 ± 0.2b | 2.0 ± 0.4ab | 1.4 ± 0.3b | 1.6 ± 0.3ab | 1.2 ± 0.3b | 1.3 ± 0.3bc | 1.2 ± 0.2b |
Klebsiella1 | 2.2 ± 0.4b | 2.1 ± 0.5b | 2.1 ± 0.4b | 2.2 ± 0.4b | 7.0 ± 1.3a | 2.3 ± 0.5b | 2.1 ± 0.4b | 2.1 ± 0.4b | 2.2 ± 0.5b | 2.3 ± 0.6b | 2.2 ± 0.5b |
Gemella1 | 1.5 ± 0.3ab | 1.4 ± 0.3ab | 1.4 ± 0.3ab | 1.4 ± 0.3ab | 1.1 ± 0.2b | 1.6 ± 0.3ab | 2.8 ± 0.5a | 2.0 ± 0.4ab | 2.9 ± 0.7a | 1.7 ± 0.4ab | 1.6 ± 0.3ab |
Achromobacter1 | 8.1 ± 0.7a | 0.3 ± 0.1b | 0.3 ± 0.1b | 0.3 ± 0.1b | 0.3 ± 0.1b | 0.3 ± 0.1b | 0.3 ± 0.1b | 0.3 ± 0.1b | 0.3 ± 0.1b | 0.3 ± 0.1b | 0.3 ± 0.1b |
Escherichia/Shigella | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 1.8 ± 0.4 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 1.0 ± 0.2 |
Bacillus1 | 0.9 ± 0.2b | 1.2 ± 0.2ab | 2.4 ± 0.4a | 1.5 ± 0.3ab | 0.8 ± 0.2b | 1.0 ± 0.2b | 0.8 ± 0.2b | 0.8 ± 0.2b | 0.9 ± 0.2b | 0.8 ± 0.2b | 0.8 ± 0.2b |
Stenotrophomonas | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.2 |
Enterococcus | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 1.7 ± 0.3 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.2 |
Janthinobacterium1 | 0.3 ± 0.1c | 0.5 ± 0.1bc | 0.6 ± 0.1abc | 0.8 ± 0.1ab | 0.4 ± 0.1bc | 0.6 ± 0.1abc | 0.5 ± 0.1bc | 0.6 ± 0.1abc | 0.7 ± 0.1abc | 0.5 ± 0.1abcd | 1.1 ± 0.2ad |
Anaerococcus1 | 1.1 ± 0.2a | 0.7 ± 0.1ab | 0.5 ± 0.1b | 0.5 ± 0.1b | 0.4 ± 0.1b | 0.6 ± 0.1ab | 0.6 ± 0.1b | 0.4 ± 0.1b | 0.5 ± 0.1b | 0.4 ± 0.1b | 0.4 ± 0.1b |
Acidocella1 | 0.2 ± 0d | 0.3 ± 0.1bcd | 0.6 ± 0.1abc | 0.4 ± 0.1bcd | 0.3 ± 0.1cd | 0.5 ± 0.1abcd | 0.4 ± 0.1bcd | 0.5 ± 0.1abcd | 0.7 ± 0.2ab | 0.3 ± 0.1cd | 1.0 ± 0.2a |
Enterobacter | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.1 |
Bacteroides | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 |
Pseudomonas | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 |
Chryseobacterium | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 |
Tatumella | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.2 |
Psychrobacter1 | 0.8 ± 0.1a | 0.2 ± 0.0b | 0.2 ± 0.0b | 0.2 ± 0.0b | 0.2 ± 0.0b | 0.2 ± 0.0b | 0.2 ± 0.0b | 0.2 ± 0.0b | 0.2 ± 0.0b | 0.2 ± 0.1b | 0.2 ± 0.0b |
Clostridium sensu stricto 18 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.0 |
Values are model estimates based on a beta distribution and represent means ± SEM.
Effect of cohort (P ≤ 0.05) as determined by one-way ANOVA; values sharing a letter are not different from each other (P > 0.05).