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. 2019 Apr 17;6:45. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00045

Table 5.

Effect of cohort on relative abundances (%) of the aggregate 29 bacterial genera in milk.

Genus Ethiopia rural Ethiopia urban The Gambia rural The Gambia urban Ghana Kenya Peru Spain Sweden US California US Washington
n = 40 n = 34 n = 39 n = 38 n = 37 n = 42 n = 43 n = 40 n = 23 n = 19 n = 39
Streptococcus1 15.3 ± 2.2cd 25.9 ± 3.5bc 29.5 ± 3.5b 26.0 ± 3.3bc 8.7 ± 1.4d 31.5 ± 3.5b 49.6 ± 3.9ae 36.5 ± 3.8ab 29.5 ± 4.5bce 25.7 ± 4.6bc 26.5 ± 3.3bc
Staphylococcus1 21.5 ± 3.0abc 34.2 ± 4.3ab 17.5 ± 2.6c 20.5 ± 3.0bc 20.6 ± 3.0abc 27.7 ± 3.4abc 29.6 ± 3.5abc 27.3 ± 3.5abc 40.7 ± 5.6a 26.0 ± 4.9abc 30.4 ± 3.8abc
Corynebacterium 11 11.0 ± 1.5a 8.8 ± 1.4abf 4.8 ± 0.8bcd 5.5 ± 0.9bc 1.8 ± 0.3e 4.8 ± 0.8bcd 4.2 ± 0.7cd 2.5 ± 0.4de 3.9 ± 0.8cdef 3.2 ± 0.8cde 4.1 ± 0.7cd
Propionibacterium1 3.0 ± 0.5ab 4.4 ± 0.8a 3.8 ± 0.7ab 3.6 ± 0.7ab 2.0 ± 0.4b 5.8 ± 0.9a 4.1 ± 0.7ab 4.3 ± 0.7a 6.6 ± 1.3a 3.7 ± 2.3ab 5.6 ± 0.9a
Rhizobium1 22.5 ± 2.2a 1.3 ± 0.3b 1.5 ± 0.3b 1.5 ± 0.3b 1.2 ± 0.2b 1.2 ± 0.2b 1.3 ± 0.2b 1.4 ± 0.3b 1.2 ± 0.3b 1.4 ± 0.4b 1.4 ± 0.3b
Lactobacillus 7.0 ± 1.3 4.7 ± 0.9 4.3 ± 0.8 4.3 ± 0.8 8.3 ± 1.5 6.7 ± 1.2 4.1 ± 0.8 4.1 ± 0.8 4.3 ± 1.0 3.7 ± 0.9 3.8 ± 0.7
Dyella1 0.9 ± 0.2d 1.8 ± 0.3bcd 3.6 ± 0.6ab 3.6 ± 0.6ab 1.2 ± 0.2d 2.9 ± 0.5bc 2.7 ± 0.4bc 2.6 ± 0.4bc 2.0 ± 0.4bcd 1.3 ± 0.3cd 6.4 ± 0.9a
Rothia1 1.7 ± 0.3ab 3.0 ± 0.6a 3.5 ± 0.6a 3.1 ± 0.6a 1.3 ± 0.3b 2.4 ± 0.4ab 3.3 ± 0.6a 3.1 ± 0.5a 2.0 ± 0.5ab 2.1 ± 0.5ab 2.9 ± 0.5a
Kocuria1 4.4 ± 0.7a 3.3 ± 0.6ab 1.6 ± 0.3bc 2.3 ± 0.4abc 1.1 ± 0.2c 2.2 ± 0.4abc 1.2 ± 0.2c 1.2 ± 0.2c 1.1 ± 0.3c 1.0 ± 0.3c 1.1 ± 0.2c
Veillonella1 2.0 ± 0.4ab 1.2 ± 0.2b 1.1 ± 0.2b 1.1 ± 0.2b 1.3 ± 0.2b 1.6 ± 0.3ab 2.8 ± 0.5a 1.4 ± 0.3ab 1.7 ± 0.4ab 1.8 ± 0.4ab 1.3 ± 0.2b
Bifidobacterium1 2.5 ± 0.4a 2.4 ± 0.4ac 1.6 ± 0.3ab 1.3 ± 0.2ab 1.4 ± 0.3ab 1.3 ± 0.2ab 1.0 ± 0.2b 1.0 ± 0.2b 1.0 ± 0.2bc 0.8 ± 0.2b 0.9 ± 0.2b
Acinetobacter1 3.3 ± 0.6ac 1.7 ± 0.3ab 1.6 ± 0.3ab 1.5 ± 0.3b 1.0 ± 0.2b 2.0 ± 0.4ab 1.4 ± 0.3b 1.6 ± 0.3ab 1.2 ± 0.3b 1.3 ± 0.3bc 1.2 ± 0.2b
Klebsiella1 2.2 ± 0.4b 2.1 ± 0.5b 2.1 ± 0.4b 2.2 ± 0.4b 7.0 ± 1.3a 2.3 ± 0.5b 2.1 ± 0.4b 2.1 ± 0.4b 2.2 ± 0.5b 2.3 ± 0.6b 2.2 ± 0.5b
Gemella1 1.5 ± 0.3ab 1.4 ± 0.3ab 1.4 ± 0.3ab 1.4 ± 0.3ab 1.1 ± 0.2b 1.6 ± 0.3ab 2.8 ± 0.5a 2.0 ± 0.4ab 2.9 ± 0.7a 1.7 ± 0.4ab 1.6 ± 0.3ab
Achromobacter1 8.1 ± 0.7a 0.3 ± 0.1b 0.3 ± 0.1b 0.3 ± 0.1b 0.3 ± 0.1b 0.3 ± 0.1b 0.3 ± 0.1b 0.3 ± 0.1b 0.3 ± 0.1b 0.3 ± 0.1b 0.3 ± 0.1b
Escherichia/Shigella 1.2 ± 0.2 0.9 ± 0.2 0.9 ± 0.2 0.9 ± 0.2 1.8 ± 0.4 1.0 ± 0.2 0.9 ± 0.2 1.0 ± 0.2 1.0 ± 0.2 1.3 ± 0.3 1.0 ± 0.2
Bacillus1 0.9 ± 0.2b 1.2 ± 0.2ab 2.4 ± 0.4a 1.5 ± 0.3ab 0.8 ± 0.2b 1.0 ± 0.2b 0.8 ± 0.2b 0.8 ± 0.2b 0.9 ± 0.2b 0.8 ± 0.2b 0.8 ± 0.2b
Stenotrophomonas 0.9 ± 0.2 0.6 ± 0.1 0.7 ± 0.1 0.8 ± 0.2 0.6 ± 0.1 0.6 ± 0.1 0.7 ± 0.1 0.9 ± 0.2 0.7 ± 0.2 0.8 ± 0.2 1.1 ± 0.2
Enterococcus 1.1 ± 0.2 0.8 ± 0.2 0.8 ± 0.2 0.9 ± 0.2 1.7 ± 0.3 0.8 ± 0.2 0.8 ± 0.2 0.9 ± 0.2 0.9 ± 0.2 0.8 ± 0.2 0.9 ± 0.2
Janthinobacterium1 0.3 ± 0.1c 0.5 ± 0.1bc 0.6 ± 0.1abc 0.8 ± 0.1ab 0.4 ± 0.1bc 0.6 ± 0.1abc 0.5 ± 0.1bc 0.6 ± 0.1abc 0.7 ± 0.1abc 0.5 ± 0.1abcd 1.1 ± 0.2ad
Anaerococcus1 1.1 ± 0.2a 0.7 ± 0.1ab 0.5 ± 0.1b 0.5 ± 0.1b 0.4 ± 0.1b 0.6 ± 0.1ab 0.6 ± 0.1b 0.4 ± 0.1b 0.5 ± 0.1b 0.4 ± 0.1b 0.4 ± 0.1b
Acidocella1 0.2 ± 0d 0.3 ± 0.1bcd 0.6 ± 0.1abc 0.4 ± 0.1bcd 0.3 ± 0.1cd 0.5 ± 0.1abcd 0.4 ± 0.1bcd 0.5 ± 0.1abcd 0.7 ± 0.2ab 0.3 ± 0.1cd 1.0 ± 0.2a
Enterobacter 0.4 ± 0.1 0.4 ± 0.1 0.4 ± 0.1 0.4 ± 0.1 0.4 ± 0.1 0.5 ± 0.1 0.4 ± 0.1 0.5 ± 0.1 0.4 ± 0.1 0.5 ± 0.1 0.6 ± 0.1
Bacteroides 0.3 ± 0.1 0.3 ± 0.1 0.3 ± 0.1 0.3 ± 0.1 0.6 ± 0.1 0.4 ± 0.1 0.3 ± 0.1 0.3 ± 0.1 0.4 ± 0.1 0.3 ± 0.1 0.3 ± 0.1
Pseudomonas 0.3 ± 0.1 0.3 ± 0.1 0.3 ± 0.1 0.3 ± 0.1 0.2 ± 0 0.3 ± 0.1 0.4 ± 0.1 0.3 ± 0.1 0.3 ± 0.1 0.4 ± 0.1 0.4 ± 0.1
Chryseobacterium 0.5 ± 0.1 0.3 ± 0.1 0.3 ± 0.1 0.3 ± 0.1 0.3 ± 0.1 0.4 ± 0.1 0.3 ± 0.1 0.3 ± 0.1 0.3 ± 0.1 0.3 ± 0.1 0.3 ± 0.1
Tatumella 0.7 ± 0.2 0.7 ± 0.2 0.7 ± 0.2 0.7 ± 0.2 0.8 ± 0.2 0.7 ± 0.2 0.8 ± 0.2 0.7 ± 0.2 0.7 ± 0.2 0.7 ± 0.2 0.7 ± 0.2
Psychrobacter1 0.8 ± 0.1a 0.2 ± 0.0b 0.2 ± 0.0b 0.2 ± 0.0b 0.2 ± 0.0b 0.2 ± 0.0b 0.2 ± 0.0b 0.2 ± 0.0b 0.2 ± 0.0b 0.2 ± 0.1b 0.2 ± 0.0b
Clostridium sensu stricto 18 0.1 ± 0.0 0.1 ± 0.0 0.1 ± 0.0 0.2 ± 0.0 0.2 ± 0.0 0.1 ± 0.0 0.1 ± 0.0 0.1 ± 0.0 0.1 ± 0.0 0.1 ± 0.0 0.2 ± 0.0

Values are model estimates based on a beta distribution and represent means ± SEM.

1

Effect of cohort (P ≤ 0.05) as determined by one-way ANOVA; values sharing a letter are not different from each other (P > 0.05).