FIG 1.
tff2 knockout (KO) rat pups increase expression of intestinal defense proteins. qRT-PCR data for tff1, tff3, defaRS1, defa24, tnfa, and ifng were normalized to the rps23 gene, and data from P9 tff2−/− pups were standardized to expression levels in P9 wild-type animals using the ΔCT method for relative quantification of qPCR data. Shown are means ± standard errors of the mean (SEM); n = 3 to 5. ΔCT values were determined by Student’s t test. ns, nonsignificant; *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01. The spots represent data from individual littermates. DC, distal colon.