Table 1. Comparison of four major urological and andrological association's guidelines on leukocytospermia.

	AUA and ASRM	CUA	EAU
Definition	>1 million leukocytes per mL semen	>1 million leukocytes per mL semen	>1 million leukocytes per mL semen
Diagnostic method	Wet mount microscopy confirmed with immunohistochemistry	N/A	Wet mount microscopy confirmed with peroxidase positive staining
Clinical significance	May indicate underlying genital tract infection	No clinical significance	Indicate sign of genital tract inflammation only; no direct link to infection
Diagnostic recommendation	Recommends quantification of leukocytes only in patients with unexplained male infertility or for evaluation of ART therapy options	No recommendation for evaluation of genital tract inflammation in absence of symptoms	Not included in standard semen analysis
Treatment recommendation	N/A	Therapy not indicated, but warrants consideration in setting of infertility	Antibiotics may improve sperm quality, but no evidence that it increases the probability of conception
Level of evidence	N/A	Treatment: 3c	Significance: 3
			Treatment: 2a
Most recent review	2015	2011	2016

This table reviews the four major urologic and andrologic associations and their diagnostic method, clinical significance, diagnostic and treatment recommendations regarding leukocytospermia. Also reported is the level of evidence and the most recent update to their guidelines. The international bodies that give recommendations and that are included in this table include the American Urologic Association (AUA), the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM), the Canadian Urological Association (CAU) and the European Association of Urology (EAU). N/A indicates this component was not discussed in the respective guideline article.