Table 2. Comparison of available clinical trials for the treatment of LCS.

Study	Study design	Patient population	Assessment process (sample; stain)	Treatment groups	Effect on sperm parameters	Effect on resolution rate of LCS	Effect on pregnancy rate
Comhaire et al (1986) [17]	RCT	Idiopathic infertility	Ejaculate; peroxidasepositive	Doxycycline 100 mg PO QD for 1 month	No significant difference between groups	No significant difference between groups	Not enough numbers to report significance, but higher in treated groups
Branigan and Muller (1994) [18]	RCT	Idiopathic infertility	Prostatic secretion Bryan-Leishman stain	- Doxycycline 100 mg PO BID for 7 days, then 100 mg PO once for 21 days	N/A	Improved in both treatment groups; Sustained at 2 and 3 months only in combined group	Not enough numbers to report significance, but higher in treated groups
				- Frequent ejaculation only
				- Combined antibiotic treatment and Frequent ejaculation
Yamamoto et al (1995) [19]	RCT	Infertility and prostatitis	Prostatic secretion; N/A	- Trimethoprim 80 mgsulfamethoxazole 400 mg PO BID for 30 days	N/A	Significantly improved resolution in treatment groups	Not enough numbers to report significance, but higher in treated groups
				- Combined antibiotic treatment and frequent ejaculation
Yanushpolsky et al (1995) [20]	RCT	Idiopathic infertility	Ejaculate; peroxidasepositive	- Doxycycline 100 mg PO BID for 14 days	No significant difference between groups	No significant difference between groups	N/A
				- Trimethoprim 160 mgsulfamethoxazole 800 mg PO BID for 14 days
Erel et al (1997) [21]	RCT	Idiopathic infertility	Ejaculate; peroxidasepositive	- Doxycycline 200 mg PO QD for 10 days	N/A	No significant difference between groups	N/A
				- Doxycycline 200 mg for 10 days, 1 g IM ceftriaxone on day 1
Vicari (2000) [23]	RCT	Infertility and male accessory gland infection	Ejaculate; peroxidasepositive	- Ofloxacin 200 mg PO Q12H for 14 days each month with a 14 days washout, for 3 monthsx	Improved sperm count and percent with forward motility	Significantly improved resolution in treatment groups	Significant improvement in treatment group
				- Doxycycline 100 mg PO QD for 14 days each month with a 14 days washout, for 3 months
Lackner et al (2006) [26]	Prospective nonrandomized study	Abacterial LCS	Ejaculate; N/A	- Valdecoxib 20 mg PO QD for 14 days	Improved sperm count after treatment	Significant reduction in leukocyte concentration after treatment	N/A
				- No control group
Oliva and Multigner (2006) [24]	Uncontrolled clinical trial	Idiopathic infertility	Ejaculate; N/A	- Ketotifen 1 mg PO BID for 12 weeks	Improved sperm motility and percent with normal morphology	Significant reduction in leukocyte concentration by 4 weeks	N/A
				- No control group
Gambera et al (2007) [7]	Uncontrolled clinical trial	Idiopathic infertility	Ejaculate; peroxidase-positive	- Rofecoxib 25 mg PO QD for 30 days	Improved sperm motility and morphology	Significant reduction in leukocyte concentration after 30 days of treatment	Pregnancy rate of 15.8%; no control group available
				- No control group
Pajovic et al (2013) [22]	Uncontrolled clinical trial	Asymptomatic genital infection caused by Chlamydia trachomatis or Ureaplasma urealyticum	Ejaculate; peroxidase-positive	- C. trachomatis patients azithromycin 1,000 mg PO	Significant improvement in all parameters	N/A	N/A
				- U. urealyticum patients metronidazole 2,000 mg PO, then erythromycin 500 mg PO QID for 7 days
Milardi et al (2017) [25]	Randomized, uncontrolled clinical trial	Oligozoospermia with accessory gland inflammation on genital ultrasound	Ejaculate; fixed and pap stain	- Prednisone 5 mg PO QD for 1 month	Improved sperm count and percent with forward motility	No significant difference between groups	N/A
				- Prednisone 12.5 mg PO QD for 1 month
				- Prednisone 25 mg PO QD for 1 month

This table summaries English language studies found in our literature search or referenced within the various guidelines. This includes 11 observational or clinical trials for the treatment of LCS. Treatment methods are reported in the table including antibiotics, frequent ejaculation, anti-histamines, and corticosteroids. Described for each study is the author, the study design, patient population, assessment process, treatment groups, effect on sperm parameters, effect on resolution rate of LCS and the effect on pregnancy rate. N/A indicates that this component was not indicated or studied.

LCS: leukocytospermia, RCT: randomized control trials, PO: per os, QD: every day, BID: twice a day, IM: intramuscular, QID: four times a day.