Table 2.
CHEER outcome and covariate characteristics and tests of difference by neighborhood typology.
| Variable | Mixed Race, High Poverty, Moderate-Poor Physical Environment | Hispanic and White, High Crime, Moderate Poverty, Poor Physical Environment | Hispanic and White, Moderate Poverty, Moderate Physical Environment | White, Wealthy, Good Physical Environment | Test of Difference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | F | p | ||||
| FEV1 Z-Score | −0.63 (1.13) | −0.38 (1.08) | −0.31 (1.36) | −0.51 (1.17) | 0.72 | 0.49 |
| FVC Z-Score | −0.36 (1.06) | −0.31 (1.00) | 0.05 (1.36) | −0.30 (1.05) | 0.98 | 0.40 |
| FEV1/FVC Z-Score | −0.50 (0.95) | −0.17 (0.95) | −0.60 (0.99) | −0.29 (0.86) | 1.17 | 0.31 |
| Age (years) | 52 (20) | 47 (17) | 50 (22) | 56 (20) | 0.92 | 0.47 |
| 1 Annual Average Infiltration Rate | 0.68 (0.34) | 0.73 (0.35) | 0.49 (0.22) | 0.47 (0.16) | 5.38 | 0.002 |
| % | X2 | p | ||||
| Sex (Female) | 73% | 64% | 75% | 70% | 0.92 | 0.82 |
| Non-Hispanic White | 34% | 23% | 79% | 52% | 21.26 | <0.001 |
| Head of Household Reported Some College Education | 48% | 32% | 79% | 78% | 17.67 | <0.001 |
| Never Smoker | 66% | 68% | 69% | 48% | 1.75 | 0.63 |
| Gas Stove in the Home | 43% | 50% | 25% | 13% | 10.53 | 0.01 |
| CHEER Participants [N (%)] | 113 (62%) | 22 (12%) | 24 (13%) | 23 (13%) | ||
N = 182 low-income individuals with 3 or more acceptable spirometric curves. Abbreviations: CHEER, Colorado Home Energy Efficiency and Respiratory Health study; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; FVC, forced vital capacity. 1 Annual average household infiltration rate is a measure of home ventilation and equals the volume of indoor air replaced by outdoor air every hour given the usual method of home ventilation, averaged over the entire year, and expressed as air changes per hour.